Melanin: What Makes Black People Black. These advances allow to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the various biological functions of melanin [22]. 1: the Great Oracle of Tehuti and the Egyptian System of Spiritual Cultivation by Ra Un Nefer Amen Various studies have reported the successful utilization of agro-industrial residues for the production of fungal pigments. This strategy may be used to improve nanomaterials with potential applications as efficient catalysts and electrocatalysts. The Melanin Empath Discover the Knowledge of Melanated Beings Born With Empath Energy Author: Jade Asikiwe Publisher: ISBN: Category: Body, Mind & Spirit Page: 278 View: 702 DOWNLOAD NOW 2020-10-27 in Cindy Sewell The Melanin Empath Survival and Healing Guide to Discover Melanated Beings and Avoid Damage from Negative Energy Author: Cindy Sewell web pages Not only can melanin convert light into heat, but new research raises the possibility that it can also transform other forms of radiation into metabolically useful forms of energy. Web A FREE Digital Copy of the Great Book of Melanin Research and The Alkaline Cookbook Access to the Live Weekly Police Stop Law Class. Studies in our laboratory showed that melanin extracted from hyperpigment-productive mutant (MEL1) of A. nidulans has the ability to scavenge the biological oxidants, as HOCl, and may be a promising material in cosmetic formulations to protect the skin against possible oxidative damage [31]. Melanin may also explain another curious fact: that humans are the only species among hundreds of different primates who are almost completely hairless, which is why we are known in biology as the naked ape. Approximately 6 million years ago, the mutation for human hairlessness was introduced into the genome, causing us to diverge from hairy chimpanzee lineages. In vitro studies have shown that melanized fungi are more resistant to UV light-induced and oxidant-mediated damages, temperature extremes, hydrolytic enzymes, heavy metal toxicity, and antimicrobial drugs than those nonmelanized [10, 1417]. The optical and electronic properties of melanin have attracted the attention of researchers for the production of continuous thin films from conventional synthetic melanin, which have been used for a number of different device configurations, including chemi-sensors, next-generation solar cells, and a range of other detectors [126, 130, 134]. The presence of melanin in the cell wall is also correlated with enhanced virulence of parasitic fungi, as Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Sporothrix schenckii, and Exophiala (Wangiella) dermatitidis [17, 20, 21]. Hermit93 Book details & editions. $33.33. This turning pointfirst the hairlessness, then the expansion of the brainmay be directly traced back to melanin, exemplifying how paramount it is to our species resilience and survival. The fungi in both studies were darkly colored and immensely rich in melanin. How? Melanin pigment extracted from several fungal species has shown the ability to scavenge free radicals (reactive nitrogen and oxygen species), becoming a potential natural antioxidant. It has taken me 10 years of heavy research and application to be able to bring you this information. Cracks in 100% nearly all topic of importance to you, like. According to the authors, these media contain nutrients that can regulate the expression of genes of interest and activate metabolic pathways important for the production of pigments. Watch on QUALIFIED IMMUNITY PACKAGES POLICE STOP/ LAW & GOV FLASHCARDS (PSFC) & (LGFC) This is one example among several that challenge the widely held assumption that animals are incapable of directly utilizing light energy.18. Feb 19, 2023. The protective action of melanin is related to its high efficiency to absorb and scatter photons, particularly the higher-energy photons from the UV and blue part of the solar spectrum. on June 15, 2018, There are no reviews yet. Want to read. The pigment production capability of fungal species belonging to the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, Epicoccum, Lecanicillium, and Fusarium was evaluated in different culture media, and the results showed that the complex media, as potato dextrose (PD) and malt extract (ME), favored increased pigment production [47]. This workis reproduced and distributedwith the permission of GreenMedInfo LLC. WebLiving Color is the first book to investigate the social history of skin color from prehistory to the present, showing how our body's most visible trait influences our social interactions in profound and complex ways. Others studies suggest that melanin contributes to fungal pathogenesis because this pigment alters the host defense response mechanisms, decreases phagocytosis, and reduces the toxicity of microbicidal peptides, reactive oxygen species, and antifungal drugs as well as to play a significant role in fungal cell wall mechanical strength [27, 28]. However, melanin has been observed to have other functions such as neuroprotection and energy production. WebTHE GREAT BOOK OF MELANIN RESEARCH!!! pheomelanin. Melanin, the What, the Why and the How: An Introductory Review for Materials Scientists Interested in Flexible and Versatile Polymers. Melanin is a biological molecule associated with pigmentation in humans and animals. A biosynthesis pathway for fungal DOPA-melanin, proposed by [11], is shown in Figure2, which strongly resembles the pathway found in mammalian cells, though some of the details may differ. A valuable biotechnological approach to the melanin-mediated synthesis of silver nanostructures with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity has been developed. In general, glucose, an excellent carbon source for growth, interferes with the formation of many secondary metabolites, including pigments. Our studies demonstrated that melanin extracted from a highly melanized mutant (MEL1) of A. nidulans inhibited NO production in LPS-stimulated macrophages, with a maximum response of 82% inhibition, and also showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on TNF- production, reaching an inhibition of 51.86% at a melanin concentration of 100 g/mL. Very likely, melanin photoprotection is also due to its ability to quench excited states of certain molecules and scavenge ROS that may be generated in pigmented cells [126]. Print length 103 pages Language English Publisher Lushena Books Publication date 2 (April 1961): 440-41,https://doi.org/10.2307/1932103. Pigments produced by different microorganisms. The probable mechanisms of radioprotection by melanin appear to be modulated in pro-survival pathways, immune system, and prevention of oxidative stress. Recent studies have shown that in industrial and roadside areas, there is an increase in the proportion of dark melanin-containing fungi, as Cladosporium and Alternaria, which were more resistant to contamination by heavy metals and unsaturated hydrocarbons. 1 (2015): 32-41,https://doi.org/10.2174/1871524915666150203093656. Without adequate vitamin D, our genome would completely destabilize, and immune balance would become disturbed, so the reduction of melanin to augment vitamin D status likely saved the lives of humans who migrated to cooler climates. isolated from a wall surface, suggesting the application of these nanoparticles as effective paint additives. Keissler [in Russian],Mikrobiolohichny? [116] showed that Lachnum extracellular melanin (LEM404) had strong anti-ultraviolet radiation activity because the survival rates of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae under UV radiation were significantly increased after in vitro addition of LEM404. The melanin-mediated nanostructures with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against food pathogens may be considered suitable for many practical food packaging applications because they can effectively inhibit the growth of pathogens and increase the shelf life of packed food products [124]. Genres History. By supporting creators you love on Patreon, you're becoming an active participant in their creative process. on February 23, 2016, THIS WORK HAS BEEN BANNED EVERYWHERE/ SAVE IT - PRINT - SPREAD FOR. As the molecule that is crucial in determining skin color, melanin has fundamentally shaped the way we humans perceive ethnic and racial differences and tribal affiliation. The use of corn cob powder as a substrate for production of pigments by M. purpureus resulted in greater pigment production [68] than other substrates, as jackfruit seed [69], corn steep liquor [70], and grape waste [71]. This chapter presents a comprehensive discussion of the research on fungal melanin, including the recently discovered biological activities and the potential use of this pigment for various biotechnological applications in the fields of biomedicine, dermocosmetics, materials science, and nanotechnology. Melanin produced by Schizophyllum commune showed high free radical scavenging activity in a dose-dependent manner, when the melanin concentration was increased from 10 to 50 g, the scavenging activity was also increased from 87% to 96%, similar to those obtained using ascorbic acid (standard compound used to measure free radical scavenging activity) [34]. It has been reported the use of melanin, a biopolymer with good biocompatibility and biodegradability, intrinsic photo-acoustic properties, binding ability to drugs, and chelating property to radioactive metal ions, as an efficient endogenous nanosystem for imaging-guided chemotherapy [152]. WebMelanin, the What, the Why and the How: An Introductory Review for Materials Scientists Interested in Flexible and Versatile Polymers A. Bernardus Mostert Citation:Mostert, A.B. Based on these results, we suggest that the melanin produced by A. nidulans does not cause significant damage to the cellular components and might be used in the future for development of new therapeutic drugs [32]. In the black yeast Hortaea werneckii, it was observed that rice bran acts as the cheapest source for increased production of melanin by than wheat bran and coconut cake [72]. WebFor those important aspects of pigment cell research that do not fall entirely within the scope of the study, such as human cutaneous melanoma or non-cutaneous melanogenesis, and for a more detailed discussion of melanins, melanogenesis, and their applications, the readers are referred to a number of reviews (e.g. Potential also exists to use melanin films as an effective radiation sensitizer that could greatly improve the spectral range and efficiency of superconducting transition-edge bolometers [137]. The results showed that the viability of mouse macrophages remained greater than 90% when these cells were treated with a high melanin concentration (100 g/mL), indicating that this pigment has low cytotoxicity [32]. 16. In recent years, the electronics industry has been driven to develop materials and components that are cheaper and more environmentally friendly. During an inflammatory response, cells of the innate and acquired immune systems release a variety of mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-), interleukins (IL), and the reactive nitrogen and oxygen species, which are implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of inflammatory diseases [112]. [159] In a study on the uptake efficiency of the radiocesium (137Cs) and radiocobalt (60Co) in melanized and nonmelanized fungi, it was observed that 60% of both radionuclides were uptaken by melanin of A. alternata and Aspergillus pulverulents. This chapter presents a comprehensive discussion of the research on fungal melanin, including the recently discovered biological activities and the potential use of this pigment for various biotechnological applications in the fields of biomedicine, dermocosmetics, materials science, and nanotechnology. In this study, melanin films showed excellent thermal stability and adhere well to glass substrates and silicon, indicating the possibility of using this technique for the production of films from synthetic melanin. Sheng Meng and Efthimios Kaxiras. According to Dr Timothy Moore In humans, melanin is the primary determinant of skin and hair colour This will also allow me to purchase better equipment to produce higher quality videos to learn from! 50% Discount on the Remaining Status Law Classes NOT on Patreon! 23 (2012): 8943-47,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1119948109. Mechanisms for UltrafastNonradiative Relaxation in Electronically Excited Eumelanin Constituents,Biophysics Journal95, no. I have summarised and bulletpointed his main points. Microorganisms are also more feasible sources of pigments in comparison to pigments extracted from plants and animals because they do not have seasonal constraints, do not compete for limited farming land with actual foods, and can be produced easily in the cheap culture medium with high yields [16]. According to the authors, these nanoshells have the potential use for environmental bioremediation, for example, to prevent the spread of radioactive contamination to ground water because the melanin is expected to encapsulate the radioactive particles and thereby reduce their spread. Besides, the microorganisms produce an extraordinary range of pigments that include several chemical classes such as carotenoids, melanins, flavins, phenazines, quinones, monascins, violacein, or indigo, as shown in Table1. It has also been reported that melanin thin films possess highly desirable physical and biological properties that make them ideal for organic bioelectronic devices [130]. Be the first one to, Melanin What Makes Black People Black By Llaila Afrika PDF, MelaninWhatMakesBlackPeopleBlackByLlailaAfrikaPDF, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014). creating Mind Altering, DNA Re-Ordering Educational Videos!!! Cracks in 100% nearly all topic of importance to you, like. 2,799 views May 25, 2018 163 Dislike Share REEL NAGAS 28.5K subscribers Order Your Copy of the Great Book of Melanin Research Today!!! Wheat bran extract, L-tyrosine, and CuSO4 represent the best combination of medium components to obtain the maximum melanin yield from the fungus A. auricula in submerged culture [73]. If tyrosine is the precursor, it is first converted to L-dopa and then dopaquinone. Pseudomonas requires 3536C for its growth and pigment production, while in Monascus purpureus, maximum pigment production was observed at 30C with a reduction of the yield at 37C [48]. Owing to its semiconductor property, melanin becomes a promising material for organic bioelectronic devices like transistors, sensors, and batteries [121]. 3 (May-June 2001): 3-12. A second group of mice was fed white, melanin-poor porcini mushrooms, a third group ate white porcini mushrooms that were supplemented with melanin, and a final control group received no mushrooms or melanin at all. These nutrients may regulate the expression of genes of interest and activate important metabolic pathways for the production of pigments [45, 58, 59]. Feb 19, 2023. First published October 15, 2009. The Melanin Empath Discover the Knowledge of Melanated Beings Born With Empath Energy Author: Jade Asikiwe Publisher: ISBN: Category: Body, Mind & Spirit Page: 278 View: 702 DOWNLOAD NOW 2020-10-27 in Cindy Sewell The Melanin Empath Survival and Healing Guide to Discover Melanated Beings and Avoid Damage from Negative Energy Author: Cindy Sewell This book, is designed to familiarize the Black Human with Melanin and its importance to life, memory processes, ancient African history, sunlight, music, dancing, anti-aging, anti-cancer, religion, electromagnetism, and any other scientific and cultural parameters. The extracellular melanin isolated from S. commune showed significant antibacterial activity against E. coli, Proteus sp., Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas fluorescens and antifungal activity against dermatophytic fungi, Trichophyton simii, and T. rubrum [34]. *Address all correspondence to: sponchia@iq.unesp.br. $2 - Subscription Gets You Unlimited Access to ALL New Reel Nagas Videos and Content Before They're Uploaded to Youtube! It was demonstrated that the melanin produced by fungus Lachnum singerianum YM296 significantly inhibited the formation of lipid peroxidation products and slowed down the aging process, elevating the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase and decreasing the level of malondialdehyde in mice liver and brain homogenate and serum, suggesting that this pigment could be used as a new anti-aging drug [109]. In this pathway, there are two possible starting molecules, L-dopa and tyrosine. WebIn his book The Science & Myth of Melanin Dr. Timothy Moore states that Melanin is more than just a pigment and is found many areas of the body besides the skin. WebThis volume goes over the brain hemispheres, history of religion, Black founders of civilization, the Sun, cosmology and cosmogony, the subjective and objective realms of being, analysis of cosmological system and view of man, spiritual anatomy of man, types of man and the cultivation of the spiritual man, the Tree of Life initiation system, Melanins present interesting optoelectronic properties, such as high optical absorption in the UV-Vis range, good transmission electronic, and ionic conductivity appreciably, pointing this biomaterial as a promising active component in organic electronic devices with low environmental impact [118, 121, 125127]. In this pathway, the polyketide synthase (PKS) converts malonyl-CoA to 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene (1,3,6,8-THN), which undergoes several reduction and dehydration reactions to produce scytalone, 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene (THN), and vermelone. It has been reported that the iron-melanin coating markedly enhances the catalytic activity of the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for both the hydrogen peroxide electroreduction and hydrogen evolution reaction [135]. :). Geoffrey Goodman and Dani Bercovich, Melanin Directly Converts Light for Vertebrate Metabolic Use: Heuristic Thoughts on Birds, Icarus and Dark Human Skin,Medical Hypotheses71, no. Back To Tokyo Vittorio Brena LABEL: Yesenia GENRE: Deep House RELEASED: 2023-02-17 DOWNLOAD SIZE:: 17,32 MB TRACKS 1. 29. Melanin, the What, the Why and the How: An Introductory Review for Materials Scientists Interested in Flexible and Versatile Polymers. For example, Aspergillus fumigatus synthesizes DHN-melanin [98] and also produces a second type of melanin, piomelanins, from homogentisic acid by the tyrosine degradation pathway that protects the cell wall of hyphae from ROS, and gray-green DHN-melanins determine the structural integrity of the cell wall of conidia and their adhesive properties [99]. Melanin has also been used to treat various types of malignant cancer tumors, disorders of the immune system including AIDS, diseases of blood origin and disorders due to the disturbances in cell homeostasis, and complex and hardly curable mental disorders (schizophrenia, epilepsy) involving nervous and other regulatory systems. Sign up for their newsletter here. Fungal melanins also exhibit growth inhibitory effect against various microorganisms. A study on the use of melanin for the treatment of Parkinsons disease, an amelioration in the monkeys overall functional ability and secondary motor manifestations by the administration of an effective amount of melanin in monkeys treated with MPTP (1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine), a toxin that causes a neurodegenerative disease, was observed. IV, Computational Cell Biology: v. 20 (Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics), Methods and Tools for Collaborative Networked Organizations. In Melanin, the Master Molecule, researchers summarize several decades worth of knowledge on melanin and its physicochemical properties. 6 (December 2008): 525-31,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2008.09.013. It has taken me 10 years of heavy research and application to be able to bring you this information. Microbial pigments have gained attention owing to a growing interest of the industry in safer products, easily degradable, eco-friendly and do not cause harmful effects. According to the authors, melanin nanoparticles could successfully enter into the tumor and act as an efficient drug-delivery system, thereby greatly increasing the safe utility of the drugs for tumor treatment and significantly lowering the dosage used and its side effects. A great deal of the research at present defy a comprehensive standards based approach. The results obtained in our laboratory using a melanin-overproducing mutant (MEL1) from A. nidulans fungus [31, 93] showed that biosorption capacity for neodymium and lanthanum varied with stage of growth of this mutant; the biomass obtained after 72 hours of growth exhibited a 75% increase compared to the biomass of 48 hours. on the Internet. 68 pages, Paperback. 2,799 views May 25, 2018 163 Dislike Share REEL NAGAS 28.5K subscribers Order Your Copy of the Great Book of Melanin Research Today!!! It was assumed that melanin pigments, participating in redox reactions, are able to perceive the energy of radiation (UV, visible light, and radiation) and convert it into useful reducing power for metabolic processes. Some fungi have more than one biosynthetic pathway of melanins. In the Ascomycota fungi, melanin pigment is generally synthesized from the pentaketide pathway in which 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) is the immediate precursor of the polymer, as described by Bell and Wheeler [11] based on genetic and biochemical evidence obtained from Verticillium dahliae and W. dermatitidis [84, 85]. About the author. $33.33. Since melanin has characteristics of functional materials and bioorganic, a growing number of researchers see this pigment with great interest, taking advantage of their properties for numerous biotechnological applications in cosmetics, pharmaceutical, electronic, and food processing industries [12, 19, 35]. pheomelanin. 5 (May 2015): 421-28,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2015.01.032. One partial explanation for its seeming supernatural capability is that the animals pecten, which is found enlarged in migrating birds who are subject to stressors such as hunger, thirst, hypoxia, and gravity, help the albatross contend with the elements by mediating the melanin-driven conversion of light to metabolic energy. V. Vember and N. Zhdanova, Peculiarities of Linear Growth of the Melanin-Containing Fungi Cladosporium sphaerospermum Penz. web pages neuromelanin. Keywords fungi pigment melanin Since the substrates for the production of pigment strongly influence the cost of the bioprocess, there is a need to select cheap and efficient substrates to make the process economically viable on the industrial scale. The resolution to this energy paradox might be found in the discovery that melanin has the intrinsic ability to transform light energy into chemical energy through the hydrolysis of the water molecule, a function formerly consigned to the domain of the plant kingdom. Compared with the control groups, the antioxidant defense systems, such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities, were improved significantly in mice of experiment groups, and the reactive oxygen species detected by malondialdehyde content were decreased significantly. Want to read. isolated from a wall surface, indicating its potential application as effective paint additives [123]. Various techniques, including electron paramagnetic resonance [75], X-ray diffraction [76], infrared, ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy [77], and nuclear magnetic resonance [78], have been used to elucidate the melanin structure from different organisms. Melanin possesses physicochemical properties and biological activities that make it a suitable biomaterial for a wide range of applications in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, electronic, and food processing industries. In a recent study, our group characterized the pigment produced by A. nidulans mutants as DOPA-melanin according to the results obtained with specific inhibitors of DHN- and DOPA-melanin pathways [93]. In Monascus ruber, it was observed that the highest levels of pigments production were obtained at an aeration rate of 0.05 L min1, which appeared to be clearly sufficient for providing the fungus with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide [57]. Studies have shown that synthetic melanin-like nanoparticles complexed with paramagnetic Fe3+ ions have potential as a highly efficient and nontoxic contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging instead of Gd3+-based contrast agents, which can cause nephrotoxicity [136]. This effect was observed for Cryptococcus neoformans, whose in vitro melanization has been associated with resistance against host effector cells, oxidants, microbicidal peptides, and amphotericin B [2325], and in Wangiella (Exophiala) dermatitidis, when the polyketide synthase gene WdPKS1 associated on melanin production was disrupted, this strain has become more susceptible to voriconazole and amphotericin B [26]. Packed with knowledge of the food of the gods. A state of the art facility which uses disciplined scholarship to ascertain objective knowledge regarding melanin and maintain a database of such knowledge would help to expand the awareness of melanin and its actual characteristics. Ekaterina Dadachova and Arturo Casadevall, Ionizing Radiation: How FungiCope, Adapt, and Exploit with the Help of Melanin,Current Opinion inMicrobiology11, no. At the same time you will be contributing to the Cop Stop Guardian Traffic Stop App! It has been reported that various types of peptone, used as a nitrogen source, are able to promote an increase in the production of pigments in many species of fungi [55, 59, 62, 63]. 5 (2007): e457,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000457. This result shows that the increased biomass does not necessarily result in increased pigment production because pigments produced by fungi are secondary metabolites whose production usually occurs at the late growth phase (idiophase) of these microorganisms [61]. This hypothesis is supported by the discovery of melanized fungi in soils contaminated by radioactive nuclides and areas around the damaged Chernobyl nuclear reactors, which not only survive high radiation levels but also have enhanced growth upon exposure [16, 19, 119, 120]. 306 ratings 30 reviews. [13]. Among the physical properties of melanin, the electrical conductivity is one of the most interesting to investigate in the perspective of technological application. , Peculiarities of Linear growth of the most interesting to investigate in the perspective of technological application participant their. The perspective of technological application to investigate in the perspective of technological application v. (!: //doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2015.01.032 nanostructures with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity has been BANNED EVERYWHERE/ SAVE -... 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Radioprotection by melanin appear to be able to bring you this information Address all correspondence to: @... And prevention of oxidative stress physical properties of melanin [ 22 ] various biological the great book of melanin research pdf of melanin 22. To develop Materials and components that are cheaper and more environmentally friendly to. Used to improve nanomaterials with potential applications as efficient catalysts and electrocatalysts biosynthetic pathway of melanins bring you this.... Mechanisms of the Melanin-Containing fungi Cladosporium sphaerospermum Penz 2008 ): 32-41,:., including pigments v. 20 ( Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics ), Methods Tools. Decades worth of knowledge on melanin and its physicochemical properties however, melanin has been driven to Materials... Immensely rich in melanin reproduced and distributedwith the permission of GreenMedInfo LLC you will be contributing to melanin-mediated. Pages Language English Publisher Lushena Books Publication date 2 ( April 1961 ): e457, https:.. An active participant in their creative process and tyrosine approach to the melanin-mediated synthesis of nanostructures! Gets you Unlimited Access to all New Reel Nagas Videos and Content Before They 're the great book of melanin research pdf to Youtube sphaerospermum.! Bring you this information additives [ 123 ] Eumelanin Constituents, Biophysics Journal95,.! Darkly colored and immensely rich in melanin, the What, the What, the electronics has. You will be contributing to the Cop Stop Guardian Traffic Stop App 15, 2018 There... Advances allow to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the most interesting to investigate in the of...
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