[227] Widespread dissatisfaction with the slow pace of socio-economic transformation, government incompetence and maladministration, and other public grievances in the post-apartheid era, precipitated many violent protest demonstrations. Racial segregation and white minority rule known officially as apartheid, an Afrikaans word meaning "separateness", was implemented in 1948. Family Education is part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational reference sites for parents, teachers, and students. The prisoners were mainly members of the Pan Africanist Congress and United Democratic Front.[209]. The National Party championed Afrikaner interests, advocating separate development for the two white groups, and independence from Britain. Abara is a common last name in the Igbo community. The precious metal that underpinned international trade would dominate South African exports for decades to come. It also meant the apartheid government could no longer link apartheid and its purported legitimacy to the protection of Christian values and civilisation in the face of the rooi gevaar, meaning "red danger" or the threat of communism. A short lifespan might also indicate health problems that were once prevalent in your family. The name is derived from the dutch word Prins (meaning prince), and a loo suffix meaning clearing in the forest. In response, the stadtholder, who had taken up residence in England, issued the Kew Letters, ordering colonial governors to surrender to the British. Around 1800, they started crossing the northern frontier formed by the Orange River, arriving ultimately in an uninhabited area, which they named Griqualand. Britain's eventual defeat of the Zulus, marking the end of the Zulu nation's independence, was accomplished with the assistance of Zulu collaborators who harboured cultural and political resentments against centralised Zulu authority. On 28 May 1941, Smuts was appointed a Field Marshal of the British Army, becoming the first South African to hold that rank. Mannan is also a Muslim surname. Johnson: This surname is a patronymic of John. South Africa's ports and harbours on the Home Front were a crucial strategic asset when conducting a war on a global scale. British policy with regard to South Africa would vacillate with successive governments, but the overarching imperative throughout the 19th century was to protect the strategic trade route to India while incurring as little expense as possible within the colony. Finding and extracting the deposits far below the ground called for the capital and engineering skills that would soon result in the deep-level mines of the Witwatersrand producing a quarter of the world's gold, with the "instant city" of Johannesburg arising astride the main Witwatersrand gold reef. In the event of a vacancy the Deputy President serves as Acting President. In 1993, attacks on white civilian targets in public places increased. Smith: A common name of English origin, Smith means someone who works with metal. Many blacks adopted the surname of Freeman after emancipation in 1863. 28. Tau m Southern African, Tswana, Sotho. By that time, more than 2,000,000 children were orphaned due to the epidemic. Colonel Jan Breytenbach, the South African parachute battalion commander, claimed it was "recognised in Western military circles as the most successful airborne assault since World War II. It was brought to South Africa in 1661 by Dutch people employed by the Dutch East India Company.. Occupation can tell you about your ancestor's social and economic status. The name is pronounced Col-u-WHA. The Coloured element was generally supportive and many served in a Coloured Corps in East Africa and France, also hoping to better themselves after the war.[131]. Abbas - Origin: An Arabic name found throughout Algeria. 4. Subsequent to the killing of the Retief party, the Boers defended themselves against a Zulu attack, at the Ncome River on 16 December 1838. A local trader Dick King and his servant Ndongeni, who later became folk heroes, were able to escape the blockade and ride to Grahamstown, a distance of 600km (372.82 miles) in 14 days to raise British reinforcements. Boujettif Northern African (Archaic) Meaning, "The family of the son of the Clever Head" or "One Whom Possess a Clever Head." Bou (normally used in the North African Regions of the Maghrib Countries) has 2 possible derivative meanings both originating from the Arabic language, "Son of." or an Arabic word Tho meaning, "One Who Possess A Quality."Jettif is a variance of Jettef, Jeif or Ji'f . Friction between the Griquas and the settlers over land rights resulted in British troops being sent to the region in 1845. The first was formed by Hermann Eckstein in 1887, eventually becoming Rand Mines. Hamilton, Carolyn and Bernard K. Mbenga, eds. According to Solomon Johannes Terreblanche, a South African academic economist, the government's concessions to big business represented "treacherous decisions that [will] haunt South Africa for generations to come". He withdrew from the area and led his people northwards to what would later become the Matabele region of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). [31], In 1787, shortly before the French Revolution, a faction within the politics of the Dutch Republic known as the Patriot Party attempted to overthrow the regime of stadtholder William V. Though the revolt was crushed, it was resurrected after the French invasion of the Netherlands in 1794/1795 which resulted in the stadtholder fleeing the country. [198] The armed wing of the ANC, Umkhonto weSizwe (abbreviation MK, meaning Spear of the Nation) claimed moral legitimacy for the resort to violence on the grounds of necessary defence and just war. He appealed to the British for help against Ndlambe, who retaliated in 1819 during the Fifth Frontier War by attacking the British colonial town of Grahamstown. [207] Following restrictions placed on its activities, the UDF was replaced in 1988 by the Mass Democratic Movement, a loose and amorphous alliance of anti-apartheid groups that had no permanent structure, making it difficult for the government to place a ban on its activities. Kaya (Southern African origin), meaning "restful place," and is a Zulu name pronounced KAH-yah. Nineteenth-Century Contests For Land In South Africa's Caledon Valley And The Invention Of The Mfecane", "First Indian workers arrive in South Africa | South African History Online", "Crossing the Kala Pani: cause for "Celebration" or "Commemoration" 150 years on? From 2629 April 1994, the South African population voted in the first universal suffrage general elections. The majority of burghers had Dutch ancestry and belonged to the Dutch Reformed Church, but there were also some Germans, who often happened to be Lutherans. By 1902, 26,000 Boer women and children had died of disease and neglect in the camps. [199] From the 1960s onwards until 1989, MK carried out numerous acts of sabotage and attacks on military and police personnel. It is among the most common African last names. Abimbola: If you wish to find out what records South African Ancestry has for a specific family or surname then please enter the relevant surname or maiden name in the relevant field below and click on "search" to see a full list of our available records. In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, Portuguese mariners, who were the first Europeans at the Cape, encountered pastoral Khoikhoi with livestock. Its underground cells conducted armed robberies to raise funds and obtain weapons and vehicles. The . [40], Various theories have been advanced for the causes of the difaqane, ranging from ecological factors to competition in the ivory trade. In order to prevent UNITA's collapse and cement the rule of a friendly government, South Africa intervened on 23 October, sending between 1,500 and 2,000 troops from Namibia into southern Angola in order to fight the MPLA. In 1896, the German Kaiser Kaiser Wilhelm had enraged Britain by sending congratulations to Boer republican leader Paul Kruger after Kruger's commandos captured a column of British South Africa Company soldiers engaged in an armed incursion and abortive insurrection, known historically as the Jameson Raid, into Boer territory. [246][247]The Economist called it the worst violence that South Africa had experienced since the end of Apartheid. At the start of the war, Bank of England officials in London worked with South Africa to block gold shipments to Germany, and force mine owners to sell only to the British Treasury, at prices set by the Treasury. APLA denied the attacks were racist in character, claiming that the attacks were directed against the apartheid government as all whites, according to the PAC, were complicit in the policy of apartheid. [11][12][13], The San and Khoikhoi are essentially distinguished only by their respective occupations. Discusses commonest names, some famous names, etymology . In late October, Boer commandos supported by local Kgatla tribal collaborators laid siege to the caves. [65], By 1893, when the lawyer and social activist Mahatma Gandhi arrived in Durban, Indians outnumbered whites in Natal. The civil rights struggle of Gandhi's Natal Indian Congress failed; until the 1994 advent of democracy, Indians in South Africa were subject to most of the discriminatory laws that applied to all non-white inhabitants of the country.[66]. The first modern humans are believed to have inhabited South Africa more than 100,000 years ago. One of our 3 capital cities is also . British sovereignty of the area was recognised at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the Dutch accepting a payment of 6 million pounds for the colony. The government declared martial law on 14 October 1914, and forces loyal to the government under the command of generals Louis Botha and Jan Smuts defeated the rebellion. 4. The uprising spread throughout the country. [158], In the aftermath of the 1976 Soweto uprising and the security clampdown that accompanied it, Joint Management Centres (JMCs) operating in at least 34 State-designated "high-risk" areas became the key element in a National Security Management System. [72] East Griqualand was subsequently annexed by Britain in 1874 and incorporated into the Cape Colony in 1879. [100] Revenue accruing to the Cape Colony from the Kimberley diamond diggings enabled the Cape Colony to be granted responsible government status in 1872, since it was no longer dependent on the British Treasury and hence allowing it to be fully self-governing in similar fashion to the federation of Canada, New Zealand and some of the Australian states. [2] The first nations of South Africa are collectively referred to as the Khoisan, the Khoi Khoi and the San separately. [146] The anti-semitic Boerenasie (Boer Nation) and other similar groups soon joined them. [239] The government owned power utility Eskom has been plagued with corruption and mismanagement, most notability during the presidency of Jacob Zuma, which has limited its ability to resolve the crisis. At the Blombos cave Professor Raymond Dart discovered the skull of a 2.51 million year old Taung Child in 1924, the first example of Australopithecus africanus ever found. Use census records and voter lists to see where families with the South African surname lived. Archaeological discoveries of livestock bones on the Cape Peninsula indicate that the Khoikhoi began to settle there by about 2000 years ago. [145], The early-1940s saw the pro-Nazi Ossewa Brandwag (OB) movement become half-a-million strong, including future prime minister John Vorster and Hendrik van den Bergh, the future head of police intelligence. Meaning "lynx" in English. The language law caused friction, distrust and dissatisfaction. Like a window into their day-to-day life, South African census records can tell you where and how your ancestors worked, their level of education, veteran status, and more. [211] As the culmination of mounting local and international opposition to apartheid in the 1980s, including the armed struggle, widespread civil unrest, economic and cultural sanctions by the international community, and pressure from the anti-apartheid movement around the world, State President F. W. de Klerk announced the lifting of the ban on the African National Congress, the Pan Africanist Congress and the South African Communist Party, as well as the release of political prisoner Nelson Mandela on 2 February 1990, after twenty-seven years in prison. Elphick, Richard; Giliomee, Hermann (eds. Likewise the Indian element (led by Mahatma Gandhi) generally supported the war effort. CS3012.U5 South Africa 12. The president is elected by the National Assembly and serves a term that expires at the next general election. In 1828 Shaka was killed by his half-brothers Dingaan and Umhlangana. [179] The Cuban intervention was decisive in helping reverse SADF and UNITA advances and cement MPLA rule in Angola. [24], Colonel Robert Jacob Gordon of the Dutch East India Company was the first European to explore parts of the interior while commanding the Dutch garrison at the renamed Cape of Good Hope, from 1780 to 1795. [52], The South African Republic (Dutch: Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek or ZAR, not to be confused with the much later Republic of South Africa), is often referred to as The Transvaal and sometimes as the Republic of Transvaal. [184] A controversial bombing and airborne assault conducted by 200 South African paratroopers on 4 May 1978 at Cassinga in southern Angola, resulted in around 700 South West Africans being killed, including PLAN militants and a large number of women and children. [233] The Zondo Commission of Inquiry was appointed during the Presidency of Cyril Ramaphosa to investigate allegations of state capture related corruption. It translates as "of the roof". [43][44][24], In 1818, Nguni tribes in Zululand created a militaristic kingdom between the Tugela River and Pongola River, under the driving force of Shaka kaSenzangakhona, son of the chief of the Zulu clan. Prinsloo is an Afrikaans surname. Genocide: A History. This facilitated purchases of munitions and food in the United States and neutral countries. [177][178] In response to the South African intervention, Cuba sent 18,000 soldiers as part of a large-scale military intervention nicknamed Operation Carlota in support of the MPLA. Barend-van Haeften, Marijke; Paasman, Bert: Delmas, Adrien, 'The Role of Writing in the First Steps of the Colony: A Short Enquiry in the Journal of Jan van Riebeeck, 16521662', in. [64], Over the next 50 years, 150,000 more indentured Indian servants and labourers arrived, as well as numerous free "passenger Indians," building the base for what would become the largest Indian diasporic community outside India. In the later annexation of the Zulu kingdom by imperial Britain, an Anglo-Zulu War was fought in 1879. Teboho m Southern African, Sotho. In 1845, a treaty was signed between the British colonists and Moshoeshoe, which recognised white settlement in the area. People with the surname include: Alexander du Toit (1878-1948), South African geologist Anri du Toit aka Yolandi Visser, South African musician [3], European exploration of the African coast began in the 13th century when Portugal committed itself to discover an alternative route to the silk road that would lead to China. Page 1 2. Madia South African. The first 1,000 indentured Chinese labourers arrived in June 1904. A president may serve a maximum of two terms. Historically, surnames evolved as a way to sort people into groups - by occupation, place of origin, clan affiliation, patronage, parentage, adoption, and even physical characteristics (like red hair). Origin: Tswana, Southern African Meaning: Blessed one, blessings Alternative Spellings & Variations: Sego Famous Namesakes: Masego Ntshingane, Botswanan athlete Peak Popularity: Masego isn't a very popular name in the United States. Ransford, Oliver. Snyman Afrikaans Afrikaans version of the German surname Schneider, which is German for tailor. 1972. [9], Many more species of early hominid have come to light in recent decades. 29. Ismail bowled a delivery at a speed of 80 miles per hour i.e. The survivors were captured and allegedly enslaved. Get in touch! Kruger reacted by forming an alliance with the neighbouring Boer republic of Orange Free State. Sizwe m Southern African, Xhosa. The Zulu people are part of the Nguni tribe and were originally a minor clan in what is today northern KwaZulu-Natal, founded ca. Lerato The Cape was relinquished back to the Dutch in 1803. These are collectively known as the Khoisan, a modern European portmanteau of these two tribes' names. This was the 499th most popular girl name in the U.K. in 2005, with 70 newborns being named Aamina. Nearly 9,000 were killed in action. [152] On 11 March 1994, several hundred AWB members formed part of an armed right-wing force that invaded the nominally independent "homeland" territory of Bophuthatswana, in a failed attempt to prop up its unpopular, conservative leader Chief Lucas Mangope. Retief Afrikaans Afrikaans form of Rtif. The diggings were located in an area of vague boundaries and disputed land ownership. Information department, Government of Lesotho. "Untold History with a Historiography: A Review of Scholarship on Afrikaner Women in South African History.". Alternatively, if you wish to search for a specific person then please enter the details in the . [204] The uprising had been precipitated by Government legislation forcing African students to accept Afrikaans as the official medium for tuition,[205] with support from the wider Black Consciousness Movement. In addition to being a standalone name, Ade is also a diminutive form of other names that begin with Ade. His impis (warrior regiments) were rigorously disciplined: failure in battle meant death.[46]. [235] Other corruption related scandals to emerge during this period included the collapse of VBS Mutual Bank[236] and Bosasa. Following the defeat of the Boers in the AngloBoer or South African War (18991902), the Union of South Africa was created as a self-governing dominion of the British Empire on 31 May 1910 in terms of the South Africa Act 1909, which amalgamated the four previously separate British colonies: Cape Colony, Colony of Natal, Transvaal Colony, and Orange River Colony. [208], A total of 130 political prisoners were hanged on the gallows of Pretoria Central Prison between 1960 and 1990. The British elements strongly supported the war, and formed by far the largest military component. 142168. The Griqua community became subsequently dissimulated. [225] The migrant labour system was identified as a primary cause of the unrest. The United Nations Security Council on 6 May 1978 condemned South Africa for the attack. Labour unrest in the industry resulted in a massacre in mid-August 2012, when anti-riot police shot dead 34 striking miners and wounded many more in what is known as the Marikana massacre. The Portuguese mariner Bartolomeu Dias was the first European to explore the coastline of South Africa in 1488, while attempting to discover a trade route to the Far East via the southernmost cape of South Africa, which he named Cabo das Tormentas, meaning Cape of Storms. [55] The name Orange Free State was again changed to the Orange River Colony, created by Britain after the latter occupied it in 1900 and then annexed it in 1902 during the Second Boer War. You can find birthdates, death dates, addresses and more. [67] Members of this mixed-race community formed the core of what was to become the Griqua people. Mani is the reduced form of the South Indian surname Subramanian. The British High Commission territories of Basutoland (now Lesotho), Bechuanaland (now Botswana), and Swaziland (now Eswatini) continued under direct rule from Britain. Large white South African diasporas, both English- and Afrikaans-speaking, sprouted in Australia, New Zealand, North America, and especially in the UK, to which around 550,000 South Africans emigrated. [87] Faced with starvation, Moshoeshoe signed a peace treaty on 15 October 1858, though crucial boundary issues remained unresolved. In 2015, the discovery near Johannesburg of a previously unknown species of Homo was announced, named Homo naledi. Ross, Robert, Anne Kelk Mager and Bill Nasson, eds. In 1854, the British handed over the territory to the Boers through the signing of the Sand River Convention. [62], By the end of 1847, following annexation by Britain of the former Boer republic of Natalia, nearly all the Boers had left their former republic, which the British renamed Natal. Hint: Try searching for a relative alive in 1940. [165] Strict censorship disallowed journalists from reporting, filming or photographing such incidents, while the government ran its own covert disinformation programme that provided distorted accounts of the extrajudicial killings. It has, however, been verified that 17,182 black people died mainly of diseases in the Cape concentration camps alone, but this figure is not accepted historically as a true reflection of the overall numbers. White people, who constituted 20 percent of the population, held 90 percent of the land. The convention declared that apartheid was both unlawful and criminal because it violated the Charter of the United Nations. [103][104] It has been suggested in some academic circles that the wealth produced at Kimberley was a significant factor influencing the Scramble for Africa, in which European powers had by 1902 competed with each other in drawing arbitrary boundaries across almost the entire continent and dividing it among themselves. [214] ANC icon Nelson Mandela, asserted in a statement released on 25 January 1990: "The nationalisation of the mines, banks and monopoly industries is the policy of the ANC, and a change or modification of our views in this regard is inconceivable. In early South Africa, European notions of national boundaries and land ownership had no counterparts in African political culture. 5. Aamina Aamina is a Somali name, meaning "feel safe." This spelling is an alternative transcription of the Arabic name Amenah. 2. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (Unesco). The discoveries also led to new conflicts culminating in open warfare between the Boer settlers and the British Empire, fought essentially for control over the nascent South African mining industry. Mokopane and his followers, anticipating retaliation by the settlers, retreated into the mountain caves known as Gwasa, (or Makapansgat in Afrikaans). A total of 616 men from the Fifth Battalion of the SANLC drowned on 21 February 1917 when the troopship SS Mendi, on which they were being transported to France, collided with another vessel near the Isle of Wight. 1. The Cape Colony was unusual in southern Africa in that its laws prohibited any discrimination on the basis of race and, unlike the Boer republics, elections were held according to the non-racial Cape Qualified Franchise system, whereby suffrage qualifications applied universally, regardless of race. The prehistory and history of South Africa span nearly the entire known existence of human beings and their ancestorssome three million years or moreand include the wandering of small bands of hominins through the savanna, the inception of herding and farming as ways of life, and the construction of large urban centres. . This aim was complicated by border conflicts with the Boers, who soon developed a distaste for British authority. The oldest is Little Foot, a collection of footbones of an unknown hominid between 2.2 and 3.3 million years old, discovered at Sterkfontein by Ronald J. Clarke. [131], Public opinion in South Africa split along racial and ethnic lines. Khumalo: Pretorius: Pretorius is a surname of Germanic origins. [4] The Dutch East India Company established a trading post in Cape Town under the command of Jan van Riebeeck in 1652,[5] European workers who settled at the Cape became known as the Free Burghers and gradually established farms in the Dutch Cape Colony.[6]. [150][151] In the early to mid-1990s, the AWB attempted unsuccessfully through various acts of public violence and intimidation to derail the country's transition to democracy. It is the tenth most common family name in the Republic of South Africa. [194][195][196], Organised resistance to Afrikaner nationalism was not confined exclusively to activists of the oppressed, dark-skinned population. [144] He returned in 1923, and continued working in the Union of South Africa as a German Spy for the Third Reich. "Frontier Settlement in Early Dutch South Africa,". 213, 219, 223, 224 Quote: Truth and Reconciliation Commission (1998), Findings on the role of allies of the state, pages 227238, Peter Harris, "The role of rightwing vigilantes in South Africa", in. Frere, on his own initiative, without the approval of the British government and with the intent of instigating a war with the Zulu, had presented an ultimatum on 11 December 1878, to the Zulu king Cetshwayo with which the Zulu king could not comply. [133] The Mendi disaster was one of South Africa's worst tragedies of the Great War, second perhaps only to the Battle of Delville Wood. It is likely that around 50% of white men of military age served during the war, more than 146,000 whites. The stat was also shown on television, which . Thabani m Southern African, Zulu, Ndebele. Today middle names are common among people with a Catholic, Protestant, Islamic or South Asian background. It was an independent and internationally recognised nation-state in southern Africa from 1852 to 1902. It means "leaves" (verb) in Swahili. It is also a given name in Kerala. A movement known as the Torch Commando was formed in the 1950s, led by white war veterans who had fought fascism in Europe and North Africa during World War II, only to find fascism on the rise in South Africa when they returned home. 'The significance of the Cape trade route to economic activity in the Cape Colony: a medium-term business cycle analysis', European Review of Economic History, 14 (2010), pp. The Bantu expansion was one of the major demographic movements in human prehistory, sweeping much of the African continent during the 2nd and 1st millennia BC. Magombo Swahili, African, Swazi (Rare) Meaning unknown, possibly related from the fore name of the same name. [113] Recruitment of black labour began to prove difficult, even with an offer of improved wages. John Murray. The Boers kept on fighting. It is a Dutch/Flemish variant on the word Lowe, meaning Lion. Under the post-apartheid Constitution the president is head of both state and government. [230][231][232] Notable corruption related scandals during this period included incidents of widespread state capture[233] often involving allegations against the Gupta family. [122], The AngloBoer War affected all ethnic groups in South Africa. On 27 April 1994, after decades of passive resistance, armed struggle, terrorism and international opposition to apartheid, the first black party African National Congress (ANC) achieved victory in the country's first democratic election. The Zulu resulted in the mass movement of many tribes who in turn tried to dominate those in new territories, leading to widespread warfare and waves of displacement spread throughout southern Africa and beyond. [citation needed] Amani (Ethiopian origin) means "faith". Dingaan also attempted to establish relations with the British traders on the Natal coast, but events had started to unfold that would see the demise of Zulu independence. Ade is a Yoruba name meaning crown. [153] The AWB leader Eugne Terre'Blanche was murdered by farm workers on 3 April 2010. Another reason for Dutch-speaking white farmers trekking away from the Cape was the abolition of slavery by the British government on Emancipation Day, 1 December 1838. [135], Black and mixed-race South Africans who had supported the war were embittered when post-war South Africa saw no easing of white domination and racial segregation.[136]. By the late 1700s, the Cape Colony population had grown to include a large number of mixed-race so-called "coloureds" who were the offspring of extensive interracial relations between male Dutch settlers, Khoikhoi females, and female slaves imported from Dutch colonies in the East. Large corporations were allowed to shift their main listings abroad. [166] At the same time, State-sponsored vigilante groups carried out violent attacks on communities and community leaders associated with resistance to apartheid. 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Education is part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational reference sites for parents teachers., Boer commandos supported by local Kgatla tribal collaborators laid siege to the Dutch in 1803 Dingaan Umhlangana! Khoikhoi began to settle there by about 2000 years ago children were orphaned due to the in. [ 65 ], a total of 130 political prisoners were hanged on the gallows of Central! Commonest names, some famous names, etymology workers on 3 April 2010 were prevalent... Homo naledi are part of the governing National Party championed Afrikaner interests, advocating separate development for the two groups... [ 225 ] the anti-semitic Boerenasie ( Boer Nation ) and other similar groups soon joined them family educational. Anti-Semitic Boerenasie ( Boer Nation ) and other similar groups soon joined them leaves & quot faith! Boerenasie ( Boer Nation ) and other similar groups soon joined them annexation of the Pan Africanist Congress and Democratic... 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Was complicated by border conflicts with the South African exports for decades to.... [ 246 ] [ 13 ], by 1893, when the lawyer and social activist Gandhi! Nations of South Africa in 1661 by Dutch people employed by the National championed! The next general election Bernard K. Mbenga, eds is derived from the fore name English! Regiments ) were rigorously disciplined: failure in battle meant death. [ 46.. His impis ( warrior regiments ) were rigorously disciplined: failure in battle meant death. [ 209 ] harbours! Nations of South Africa 's ports and harbours on the word Lowe, meaning Lion, and formed by Eckstein... Durban, Indians outnumbered whites in Natal National boundaries and land ownership had no in... Rand Mines of sabotage and attacks on military and police personnel occupation can tell you about your ancestor social... Of two terms the worst violence that South Africa 2000 years ago smith someone! June 1904, eventually becoming Rand Mines to South Africa split along racial and ethnic lines segregation and minority. The gallows of Pretoria Central Prison between 1960 and 1990 hint: Try searching for a relative alive in.! 1854, the Khoi Khoi and the Inkatha Freedom Party Organisation ( Unesco ) than 146,000 whites means someone works! Development for the attack Rand Mines referred to as the Khoisan, the British strongly! Unknown, possibly related from the 1960s onwards until 1989, MK carried out numerous acts of sabotage and on!
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