Select subtypes of retinal ganglion cells perceive image motion and connect to the accessory optic system (AOS) in the brain, which generates compensatory eye movements that stabilize images during slow visual field motion. Brief structured respiration practices enhance mood and reduce physiological arousal. One thing that has a stronghold on his attention is the human visual system and how it reacts or adapts to virtual reality. We cant say their name. Two genetically tractable species, mice and flies, are together providing a great deal of understanding of these processes. Huberman, A. D., Dehay, C., Berland, M., Chalupa, L. M., Kennedy, H. Decoupling eye-specific segregation from lamination in the lateral geniculate nucleus. 00:00:00 Dr. Anna Lembke . How specific features in the environment are represented within the brain is an important unanswered question in neuroscience. In recent years, the mouse has emerged as a premiere model for probing visual system function, development and disease. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2007.10.036. A., Stafford, B. K., Nguyen, P. L., Yoshihara, Y., Huberman, A. D. Functional Assembly of Accessory Optic System Circuitry Critical for Compensatory Eye Movements. Furthermore, targeted ablation of a sparse population of cortico-fugal neurons that specifically project to the accessory optic system severely impairs OKR potentiation. Dr. Anna Lembke Links. (2017) show that visual signals are combined in unexpected ways that vastly expand the possible representations of the outside world. Integration areas often vary topographically to sample space differentially across regions. Guttenplan, K. A., Stafford, B. K., El-Danaf, R. N., Adler, D. I., Mnch, A. E., Weigel, M. K., Huberman, A. D., Liddelow, S. A. Here, we use a new mouse line that labels On direction-selective RGCs (oDSGCs) and characterize the survival and regenerative potential of these cells following optic nerve crush (ONC). Seabrook, T. A., Burbridge, T. J., Crair, M. C., Huberman, A. D. Strict Independence of Parallel and Poly-synaptic Axon-Target Matching during Visual Reflex Circuit Assembly. Using modern tract tracing methods, we examined the development of this feature in the macaque, an Old World Primate with a visual system similar to that of humans. The vMT is therefore important for biasing how internal states are translated into opposing categories of behavioural responses to perceived threats. Sensory processing can be tuned by a neuron's integration area, the types of inputs, and the proportion and number of connections with those inputs. Additionally, the regenerative capacity of many RGC subtypes remains unknown in part due to a lack of available genetic tools. Dr. Andrew Huberman is a professor of neuroscience at Stanford University School of Medicine in the US and he has made numerous contributions to the fields of brain development, brain function and neuroplasticity. Electrophysiological recordings of Hoxd10-GFP RGCs revealed that they include all three subtypes of On direction-selective RGCs (On-DSGCs), responding to upward, downward, or forward motion. Varadarajan, S., Dhande, O., Le, P., Huberman, A. Varadarajan, S. G., Hunyara, J. L., Hamilton, N. R., Kolodkin, A. L., Huberman, A. D. Divergent outputs of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus mediate visually evoked defensive behaviors. Whether direction-selective information computed at the level of the retina is routed to cortical circuits and integrated with other visual channels, however, is unknown. All rights reserved. These findings have implications for central visual processing, perception and behavior in this prominent model species. Historically, most vision studies were carried out on humans, macaques and cats. To determine whether there is a critical period for development of eye-specific layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), we prevented the normal segregation of retinogeniculate afferents and then allowed an extended period of time for recovery. Dr. Andrew Huberman on the science of positive thinking, of gratitude and abundance; and their impact on our physical and mental health. Andrew was born and raised in Palo Alto, California, USA. Here we show that there is a di-synaptic circuit linking DSGCs with the superficial layers of the primary visual cortex (V1) by using viral trans-synaptic circuit mapping and functional imaging of visually driven calcium signals in thalamocortical axons. If you know some information, please comment below. Specifically, we find excessive eye-specific segregation of retinal axons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. While finishing Ph.D. from the University of California, Davis, Andrew tested and observed neural movement and axon direction particles work in show to guarantee legitimate wiring of binocular guides in the cerebrum. Other developmental processes, such as pathfinding of RGCs at the optic chiasm and hippocampal long-term potentiation and long-term depression, appeared normal in NP-deficient mice. These results provide important new insight into the mechanisms that drive eye-specific refinement and stabilization. Cloudflare Ray ID: 7a172fffea473ff2 Retinas from mice lacking NP1 and NP2 had cholinergically driven waves of activity that occurred at a frequency similar to that of wild-type mice, but several other parameters of retinal activity were altered. The Down Syndrome Critical Region Regulates Retinogeniculate Refinement. Beyond providing a new set of tools for manipulation of gene expression selectively in GFP(+) cells, we found that GFP can be used to reconstitute the activity of a protein not known to have a modular structure, suggesting that this strategy might be applicable to a wide range of proteins. Probing the role of retinorecipient target cells in visual circuit regeneration. How is sensory information transformed by each station of a synaptic circuit as it flows progressively deeper into the brain? Here, we summarize those findings while comparing the regenerative process in the central versus the peripheral nervous system. 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Also mentioned in this particular podcast (Tools for Managing Stress & Anxiety | Huberman Lab Podcast #10): The books (no specific book recommendation) of Robert Sapolsky (1:12:33) Because previous work has shown that the magnocellular and parvocellular subdivisions of the dorsal lateral geniculate are selectively innervated during this early period, our results suggest that this process is unlikely to be regulated by retinal activity. In mice, we identify the transcription factor Satb2 (Special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2) as a selective marker for three RGC types: On-Off DSGCs encoding motion in either the anterior or posterior direction, a newly identified type of Off-DSGC and an Off-sustained RGC type. Plexin A2 and A4, twoSema6A binding partners, are expressed in MTN cells, attract Sema6A(+) On DSGC axons, and mediate MTN targeting of Sema6A(+) RGC projections. Neural activity may enhance the precision and strength of specific circuit connections. Despite extensive study of the retinal circuitry that endows DSGCs with their unique tuning properties, their downstream circuitry in the brain and thus their contribution to visual processing has remained unclear. View details for DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0245-12.2013, View details for Web of Science ID 000313046500006, View details for Web of Science ID 000299603500002. His day starts with 10-30 minutes of yoga nidra followed by two glasses of water. Cortical Cliques: A Few Plastic Neurons Get All the Action, Contactin-4 Mediates Axon-Target Specificity and Functional Development of the Accessory Optic System. What if I told you that you actually have the power to change your brain and reprogram your perception, irrespective of age? Current efforts focus on integrating knowledge gained from three cross-fostering fields of research: (1) understanding how the fates of different cell types are specified during development, (2) revealing the synaptic connections between identified cell types ("connectomics") by high-resolution three-dimensional circuit anatomy, and (3) causal testing of how identified circuit elements contribute to visual perception and behavior. Dhande, O. S., Estevez, M. E., Quattrochi, L. E., El-Danaf, R. N., Nguyen, P. L., Berson, D. M., Huberman, A. D. Diverse Visual Features Encoded in Mouse Lateral Geniculate Nucleus. Transplantation and gene therapy may serve to replace or resurrect dead or injured retinal neurons. In this issue of Neuron, Mac etal. Direction selective neurons have been identified in the retina, thalamus, and cortex of many species, but their homology has remained opaque. However, mouse RGCs include 30 subtypes; each responds best to a specific feature in the visual scene and conveys that information to central targets. These findings reveal that targeting of eye-specific axonal projections in the macaque occurs much earlier and more rapidly than previously reported. Understanding the biological underpinnings of the human threat response has been hindered by lack of realistic in-lab threat paradigms. And the most unlikely path he blazed to becoming the celebrated scientist he is today. Given the crucial role of RGCs and the prominence of the mouse as a model, we asked how different RGC subtypes are distributed across the retina. Here we review recent progress in understanding the development of retinofugal pathways and how this information is important for improving visual circuit regeneration. Here we show that if the activity of mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is increased by visual stimulation or using chemogenetics, their axons regenerate. These data provide evidence that direction and orientation selectivity of some V1 neurons may be influenced by the activation of DSGCs. We used a genetic approach to reduce glutamate release selectively from ipsilateral-projecting RGCs and found that their release-deficient axons failed to exclude competing axons from the ipsilateral eye territory in the dLGN. Although the plasticity of the OKR is thought to involve subcortical structures such as the cerebellum and vestibular nuclei, cortical lesions have suggested that the visual cortex might also be involved. On-Off direction-selective retinal ganglion cells (DSGCs) encode the axis of visual motion. Andrew Huberman, PhD ( @hubermanlab), is a neuroscientist and tenured professor in the Department of Neurobiology at Stanford University's School of Medicine. Koch, S. M., Dela Cruz, C. G., Hnasko, T. S., Edwards, R. H., Huberman, A. D., Ullian, E. M. Transgenic Mice Reveal Unexpected Diversity of On-Off Direction-Selective Retinal Ganglion Cell Subtypes and Brain Structures Involved in Motion Processing. He is also known for being a professor in the Department of Neurobiology at the Stanford University School of Medicine. Our feelings, thoughts and memories are all very complicated but behaviors are very concrete. Disruption of cholinergic retinal waves prevents the emergence of columnar- but not laminar-specific tOFF-alphaRGC connections. Cruz-Martin, A., El-Danaf, R. N., Osakada, F., Sriram, B., Dhande, O. S., Nguyen, P. L., Callaway, E. M., Ghosh, A., Huberman, A. D. Visual Circuits: Mouse Retina No Longer a Level Playing Field, Retinal ganglion cell maps in the brain: implications for visual processing, Genetic Dissection of Retinal Inputs to Brainstem Nuclei Controlling Image Stabilization. , development and disease professor in the central versus the peripheral nervous.... 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