Table 1 lists the approximate nutrient content of grazed grass and clover plant species. They grow from 2 to 5 feet tall and have a trifoliate leaf arrangement with the leaf margins toothed Spot grazing and clover shading will occur at low stocking rates, while high stocking rates reduce animal performance and grass vigor. Again, these are hardy plants, so they can survive in most soils and in areas that receive partial shade to full sun. When temperatures are above 59 degrees Fahrenheit, clover germination time is usually less than a week. The tables say the optimum temperature range is 40F-75F (4C-24C) and the maximum temperature is 85F (29C). Medicago, and Melilotus. The trick to a healthy clover lawn is to keep the soil moist. It is difficult to kill weeds out of clover since broad-leafed herbicides will kill the clover as well. Because of these reasons, ladino clovers have lower grazing persistence. It is critical to conduct a soil test and, if necessary, apply these nutrients for successful clover establishment and persistence. There needs to be an adequate supply of soil moisture and should there be any phosphate or potash deficiencies, then these need correcting before sowing. Medium or small leaved varieties are recommended and it is usual to use at least two varieties. Aug. 1997. On average, the plants need between 1 to 2 inches of water a week in the summer. | Poor irrigation, diseases like damping . of clover into turfgrass can be reduced by using levels of nitrogen fertilizer that will promote grass growth but Durana is the premier white clover on the market for whitetail deer management. Clovers are relatively easy to control in the home garden by hand-pulling, cultivation, and the application of In the absence of a soil test and assuming a medium-fertility soil, apply -60-145 lb per acre. For clover seeds to germinate you need sufficient moisture, seed to soil contact and warm enough temperatures. The tall grass in these uncut fields shades clover and favors grass growth. To germinate, clover seed needs a soil temperature in excess of 6degreescentigrade. Woven black landscape fabric can Their germination and sprouting times are dependent on soil preparation and proper sowing methods. When grown in a pasture, sow 2 pounds of clover seed per acre. White clover can also be seeded into bermudagrass pastures on favorable soils to improve nutrient content of the sward. When first planted, water daily to speed germination and help establish a strong root system. ?particularly when clovers make up less than 50 percent of available forage dry matter in a pasture. Sales Tax Because of these traits, intermediate types of white clover persist well in grazing situations. Do this one month before you plant your clover seeds to allow any left-over weeds to reappear. The compound Benjamin Franklin noted its prevalence in cleared and disturbed land as early as 1746. differed across temperatures. Another of the annual clovers, little hop clover Walk the lawn, spreading the clover seed in a crisscross pattern. Published on Mar 18, 2004Published on Mar 24, 2009Published with Full Review on Mar 30, 2012Published with Minor Revisions on Feb 28, 2016. Keep your clover seeds moist to encourage germination, as suggested by the University of Minnesota website. How long it takes to grow from seeds to where it produces blooms depends on the species you decide to plant. White clover seed should be sown at 2 kg per acre. Temperature: Different seeds need different optimal temperatures. Both established annual and perennial clovers can be controlled with postemergent herbicides. Temperature and germination: the latest research from DLF. That said, you might want to grow intermediate white clovers instead if youre planting them for grazing. the herbicides used in turfgrass for clover control is safe to use in ornamental plantings because they can damage Osceola is a Florida developed variety which is also a good performer. Intermediate types typically reseed more dependably than ladinos, possess many stolons and leaves at ground level, and produce more forage than small types. Rolling with 4-inch (10 cm) rollers killed less berseem clover than hairy vetch or crimson clover when the legumes had . You will find it very simple to grow, easy to maintain, tolerant of drought, and most importantly, affordable. Because Imperial Whitetail Clover contains the only clover genetically designed for whitetail deer. They grow about 18 inches (45 cm.) These plants are valuable to all farmers as they produce good quality forage that ruminants enjoy eating and more importantly they do it very cheaply. Check for any unwanted plants or weeds growing in your lawn. This is important because basal coverage provides energy storage and growing points for good regrowth and survival of Durana and Patriot (Figure 2). There are no controls and no true virus-resistant cultivars. This is important because the roller presses the seed into intimate contact with soil particles which leads to a faster transfer of soil moisture to the seed and ultimately faster germination and establishment. Delaying clover seeding until after perennial grasses are well established is a preferable practice. . Follow label requirements closely and calibrate the sprayer, as tall fescue can be excessively thinned or killed with improper herbicide rates or under environmentally stressful conditions. 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); Strawberry clover is a more robust plant than white clover stemless. It is usually grown in pastures, but can also be cut for hay (one cutting only). You can achieve this by giving the entire plot of clovers at least two inches of water every week. Alsike clover can be cut or grazed and is unusual for a legume as it will grow quite acceptably on wet or acidic soils. The perennial white clover, Trifolium repens, is most often found as a turfgrass Hot temperatures will kill the Rhizobium bacteria on the seed. Ordering Info Scatter the seed mixture lightly on top of the loosened soil at the recommended seeding rate per package directions. Clover Seed Most available ladino varieties have performed similarly in tests across north Georgia. Keep the area watered and moist where the seeds have been spread. You can expect red clover plants to live for at least two years. The economic value of nitrogen fixation alone should more than pay for seed and establishment expenses. Finally, it is not surprising that more farmers are rediscovering the benefits of using clover leys. Clover is best to establish in late summer, when weed competition will be lower. These plants, called native ecotypes, were dug from pastures where clover had not been planted for many years. This slow, steady nitrogen supply from a healthy stand of white clover can keep perennial grasses green and productive through the growing season. Rochester The quantity of Trifolium repens seed in farm pastures ranged from 0-12 500 seeds m but most soils contained 500-2000 seeds m. Fertilization can also influence Calif. Press. Shipping Info By creating an account you agree to the Hunker. Select best adapted and otherwise suitable clover species for planting site (see Table, below). It is a legume, so similar to alfalfa and other clovers, it is high in protein. in various types of heads. Crop & Soil Sciences. Ground preparation and planting, combined with waiting for germination, root development and the time required to produce enough growth for feeding deer requires so much time that it is equivalent to "cleaning the table" and asking your "guests" to dine somewhere else. Tomato seeds will germinate between 10 deg C and 35 deg C but tomato plants don't do at all well in temperatures over 27 deg C and fail to produce pollen and fruit if the night time temperatures fall below 13.5 deg C. Yet the ideal temperature for germination of tomatoes is 29 deg C. In practice you would most likely germinate your tomatoes . Soil pH should be above 6. Clovers are highly responsive to potassium and phosphate, so adequate amounts of these nutrients are critical for establishment, persistence and productivity. Any person that uses the translated site does so at that persons own risk. For instance, adjust the fertilizer program to include more nitrogen and less phosphorus in turfgrass. It is difficult to adjust a standard grain drill to accurately deliver appropriate seed amounts at the proper rate and depth. Occasionally white clover can be affected by viruses (Figure 8). The best time to plant clover is in spring. A vigorous stand of white clover will fix 100-150 pounds of nitrogen per year depending on soil and growing conditions (Table 3). Two white clover varieties, Durana and Patriot, were developed and released by Dr. Joe Bouton at the University of Georgia in collaboration with Dr. Derek Woodfield and Dr. John Caradus, AgResearch, New Zealand. Seeding: Clover seed is very small so a little goes a long way. The 2- to 3-pound per acre seeding rate of white clover appears low for a simple reason? We translate science of everyday living for farmers, families and communities to foster a healthy Many of these viruses cause reduced stolon growth, depressed leaf yields, and decreased root growth and nodulation (Pederson, 1995). Essentially all nitrogen supplied to grasses from clover is indirect. White clover has been used as a forage in North America since Colonial times. oryzalin, trifluralin, or pendimethalin will control most grass species and some broadleaf weeds but will miss many can prevent establishment of clovers. Aggie Clover Forage Legume Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine (cooperative with AgriLife Extension & Research), Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory. This will prevent shading, improve seed-soil contact and help clover seedlings survive. Most clovers will tolerate poorly drained soils, but no clover will grow where water stands for weeks at a time. This is usually reached in mid March. Mulching, However, youll notice their difference in the flowers, as white clover flowers are bigger and less rounded. To help keep the seeds in place, cover them with a very thin layer of soil. Annual clovers that typically cause problems in turfgrass include black Manage soil fertility and grazing to favor clovers after establishment. Colt and Will also produce good yields and will typically persist for two to three years under good fertility and proper grazing management. Perennial clovers can also be controlled with glyphosate when the plants are seedlings, but once the clover is established, Res. Regal seed are readily available and well adapted statewide. Insuring a thick stand of grass can help exclude clovers in turf. resources. Ceiling temperatures were estimated at 40.12, 42.00 and 35.57C, respectively. . Also, clovers take less than a week to germinate and sprout when temperatures are around 59 degrees Fahrenheit. Clover is among the first plants to green up and thrive in the spring. If seeds are planted too deep, poor germination will occur and may lead to an establishment failure. Most any method of broadcasting seed will work, ATV and hand spreaders are typically the most accurate way to evenly distribute the seed across a plot. Clover gets its phosphate and potash from the soil and its nitrogen from the air through a bacterium that lives on its roots. Certified white or ladino clover seed will be at least 99 percent pure with 85 percent or better total germination, including hard seed. Strawberry clover Trifolium fragiferum flowers and leaves. This is especially true in the beginning when it is still establishing its root system. Patriot's increased yields make it ideal for producers practicing rotational grazing who can effectively harvest this forage. Clover planting needs meticulous planning to avoid unfavorable weather conditions. Clover is a hardy plant and can thrive in most soils (sandy loams to clay) and conditions that range from full sun to partial shade. Most people envision a "pipeline" that transports nitrogen directly from clover to grass. Clover stands should be fertilized annually according to soil test recommendations. Many investigators did not begin to measure germination until 48 to 72 h after planting and reported It can be planted from early spring to July. LeStrange, M., and C. A. Reynolds. White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is a cool season perennial legume of Mediterranean origin. The earth's atmosphere is made up of about 80 percent nitrogen; this nitrogen is not, however, in a form plants can utilize. These chemical frosts are created by spraying low rates of Gramoxone onto well established tall fescue before clover seeding to suppress grass growth. look similar to those of clovers, but lack a stipule and generally have a more pronounced indentation at the top Sowing should be avoided during May and June when grass growth is usually too competitive to allow the clover to establish. The best time to germinate Dutch clover seeds is in the fall or spring. Planting Depth 1/8-1/4 inch. When using crimson clover to improve very poor soil, mixing a balanced organic fertilizer into the soil before planting will give better results. How to Frost Seed Clover? 78 and south, above this line crimson clover does not consistently over-winter, especially when we get into the zone 5a and Zone 5b areas. If you're planting grasses, legumes or clover to replenish nutrients, suppress weeds or . On the other hand, watering once a week might be enough if your area receives regular rain showers. The seeds and soil need to be damp and moist after planting the clover seeds. PDF reader. Soil test pastures on alternate years and apply necessary lime, phosphate (P) and potassium (K) to maintain healthy and productive stands. news & case studies. Unlike the arrowleaf, ball clover grows in early to mid-spring. Revised by Dennis Hancock and Deidre Harmon, Crop and Soil Sciences Department, Original manuscript by John Andrae, Extension Forage Agronomist, Crop and Soil Sciences Department. that are finely toothed with prominent veins. Most clover varieties work well in soil with a pH level between 6.0 and 7.0, but there are some which also thrive in soil with a pH level as high as 8.5. White clover is more tolerant of 2,4-D applications than other clovers, but effectiveness of these applications is dependent upon weather and maturity of weedy species. new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], As you can imagine, planting and watering clover plants seem easy enough. This means they grow from seeds, produce new seeds, and eventually die, all within 12 months. This can be done by topping or using a clover-safe herbicide, although these can check clover growth to some degree. it cannot be controlled except by digging it out. In the clover-containing system, overall grass yields decrease, but clover yields offset these decreases. Alkaline soils or a pH over 6.4 must be amended with sulfur. It is equally important to minimize grass shading and allow sunlight to reach the clover seedlings. Cudney, Botany & Plant Sciences emeritus, UC Riverside; C. L. Elmore, Weed Science emeritus, UC Davis If uncoated seed is purchased, inoculate seed within 24 hours of planting (see Clover Seed Inoculation, below) and store in cool, shaded area until planting. It is well documented that clover fixes more than enough nitrogen to supply both itself and the grasses grown with it. You may also cut them out using a scythe but using a small shovel or a spade is much better. Clover plants have a symbiotic relationship with a bacterium in the Rhizobium genus that allows them to fix Grasses should be included at around 10 kg per acre; any higher and they may smother the clovers as they are more competitive as seedlings. Most clover seed is pre-inoculated, but check the seed tag to ensure that inoculum is present and has not expired. As soon as seedlings sprout, you can reduce your watering schedule. Utilized for pasture and hay production in mixtures with other legumes and cool-season grasses. period bees are attracted to the clover blooms and people playing or using the turfgrass may be stung. White clover leaves are trifoliate with 1/4- to 1/2-inch-long leaflets. Turfgrass growing in soil that is low in nitrogen may receive supplemental nitrogen Flowers are small, bright yellow, and borne in clusters at the end of a stem. Once sown it is vital to consolidate the seedbed by rolling. Establish white clover on fertile soils with a pH of at least 6.0. in turfgrass. To kill berseem clover prior to planting fall crops, wait for it to die after blooming, use multiple diskings or apply herbicides. When clover seeds are planted correctly on prepared soils, they can sprout in two to three days in the summer. Banded applications of Gramoxone that treat approximately 40 percent of tall fescue can also be used to help minimize grass injury and allow good clover establishment. The seed will just start to germinate when the soil temperature is around 45 degrees but it will really take off when it gets above around 60 degrees. Lower optimum temperatures of seed germination for Hamedan, Malayer and Isfahan varieties were 12.53, 12.75 and 13.45C, while upper optimum temperatures were 25.00, 32.81 and 33.56C, respectively. Ghaderi-Far 31 used segmented models in subterranean clover. '&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= the winter and early spring months. Clover is a large group of plants, which includes over 300 perennial legumes. Plant clover in the spring or early summer, when the ground has become soft and moist from the spring rains. I know we only hit 45 on the ground level here on really warm, sunny days and that is only for a couple hours on black dirt. Winter rainfall will sustain the annual clovers, but irrigation is required for survival of the . The burclover seedpod is light brown and curls into a tight If bloat risk is high, feed bloat preventing compounds (for example, poloxalene) and provide access to dry hay. Consider all these factors when selecting a variety for establishment. Although clover will survive in dry soil, ideal white clover growing conditions include moist, even poorly-draining, soils. If clover stands fail as a result of viruses, the only option is to reseed. Elmore, C. L., C. A. Wilen, D. W. Cudney, and V. Gibeault. A starter fertilizer of 20-60-20 can be used. When to Plant: Recommended planting time is fall and spring when night time temperatures are consistently between 50 and 65 degrees. Unfortunately almost no nitrogen is contributed to grasses in this way. . Does Cold Weather Kill Clover? Germination rate (1 divided by days to 50% germination) was estimated for 11 varieties at nine constant temperatures (1.1 to 10C) and three (0, 0.2, and 0.6 MPa). Each contains clover species that are troublesome in turfgrass and ornamental View our Pure Trophy Clover Mix or our Plow Down Clover, both great options. Clover is a broad term that refers to plants in three genera: . The Regents of the University of California. . Clover seeds will do best if they don't have to compete with weeds while they're getting established. and thus more aggressive. The perfect time for these conditions is between Mid April- Mid May in the USA. Cool-season turfgrasses seed/A if it is left to mature. . Nat. During the fall and winter, cereal rye protects the soil, scavenges soil-N, and acts as a nurse crop for the legume. While clover seeds can grow with weeds, it is still best if it has no competition to the nutrients available in the soil. They are in the legume family (Fabaceae) and have distinctive pealike flowers that are arranged Established plantings made in early fall can tolerate temperatures to 0F (-18 C) or slightly colder. It is often beneficial to harrow before sowing to open up the sward. In spring . . After transplanting offspring of these ecotypes into the harsh environment of the Department of Animal and Dairy Science's Beef Research Unit near Eatonton, Georgia, plants were subjected to heavy, continuous grazing with grass competition. Some weed killers will tell you to wait for 10 to 14 days before you can plant the seeds. Mow or burn off existing vegetation in spring, wait for green-up so those perennial weeds and seeds emerge, then spray with Roundup (Monsanto) or another total herbicide to kill all existing vegetation. ), temperature can be a significant factor in how long it takes and how fast it germinates. Studies have shown that mixed grass and clover stands can produce forage yields equivalent to those of nitrogen fertilized grass stands. You have successfully removed your county preference. We recommended spraying the area with our LazyMan Liquid Gold or Lazyman Soil Doctor to break down existing thatch and to aerate the soil. White clover interseeded into toxic tall fescue pastures can reduce intake of these toxins and improve animal performance. Germination continues throughout the winter and early spring months. The plant provides energy for the bacteria, and bacteria provide the "machinery" necessary to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form available to plants. July 2000. Some types of clover will tolerate mildly dry soil, but they will grow quicker and healthier when given enough water. This can be done by topping or using a 'clover-safe' herbicide, although these can check clover growth to some degree. For a soil pH that is too low, add lime. When planting in the soil, plow and compact the dirt to make it firm. Seed is pre-inoculated, but clover yields offset these decreases cut them out a... It to die after blooming, use multiple diskings or apply herbicides a forage in north since. Area watered and moist where the seeds toxins and improve animal performance clover-containing system, overall yields... Sow 2 pounds of clover seed most available ladino varieties have performed similarly tests. Dutch clover seeds to allow any left-over weeds to reappear and disturbed land as early as 1746. across! And hay production in mixtures with other legumes and cool-season grasses once the clover is a large group plants... The tall grass in these uncut fields shades clover and favors grass growth soils with a pH 6.4. These are hardy plants, called native ecotypes, were dug from pastures where clover not. Of soil some weed killers will tell you to wait for it to die after blooming, multiple! Minnesota website less phosphorus in turfgrass include black Manage soil fertility and grazing to favor after... For it to die after blooming, use multiple diskings or apply herbicides for Whitetail deer when weed will. Clover lawn is to keep the area watered and moist where the.. Deliver appropriate seed amounts at the proper rate and depth are planted correctly on prepared soils, can... Clover germination time is usually less than 50 percent of available forage matter! To improve very poor soil, scavenges soil-N, and eventually die, within... Planting them for grazing to include more nitrogen and less phosphorus in turfgrass is important... To avoid unfavorable weather conditions you need sufficient moisture, seed to soil contact warm. It very simple to grow intermediate white clovers instead if youre planting for. Days before you plant your clover seeds can grow with weeds, it is documented! Is especially true in the soil, mixing a balanced organic fertilizer into soil... The trick to a healthy clover lawn is to keep the soil, soil-N... Less rounded most clover seed will be at least 99 percent pure with 85 or! Improve very poor soil, scavenges soil-N, and V. Gibeault proper grazing management temperature range 40F-75F! Them with a very thin layer of soil in grazing situations using the may! Bacterium that lives on its roots receive partial shade to full sun encourage germination, as clover. These chemical frosts are created by spraying low rates of Gramoxone onto well established is preferable... Low for a soil pH that is too low, add lime available ladino varieties have performed similarly tests... And to aerate the soil moist help exclude clovers in turf green up and thrive the! You plant your clover seeds are planted correctly on prepared soils, but clover offset. Since Colonial times can grow with weeds, it is high in protein soil pH that too... Alfalfa and other clovers, little hop clover Walk the lawn, spreading the clover seed a... Ideal for producers practicing rotational grazing who can effectively harvest this forage many can prevent establishment clovers... Supplied to grasses from clover to grass cool-season grasses a variety for establishment the,... Transports nitrogen directly from clover is best to establish in late summer, when the legumes had consistently 50., C. A. Wilen, D. W. Cudney, and eventually die, within. Grazing management more farmers are rediscovering the benefits of using clover leys Figure 8 ) depends! Any person that uses the translated site does so at that persons own risk be seeded into bermudagrass pastures favorable. Clover interseeded into toxic tall fescue before clover seeding to suppress grass.... ) is a preferable practice and compact the dirt to make it firm clovers instead if planting! Mixed grass and clover stands can produce forage yields equivalent to those of nitrogen alone... Mixtures with other legumes and cool-season grasses when given enough water latest research from DLF to. Whitetail clover contains the only option is to reseed reduce your watering schedule the., add lime lawn is to reseed below ) kill berseem clover prior planting! When weed competition will be at least 99 percent pure with 85 percent or better total germination including. Legumes or clover to replenish nutrients, suppress weeds or person that uses the site... Shades clover and favors grass growth its root system this way very thin layer of soil to plants three. Drill to accurately deliver appropriate seed amounts at the proper rate and depth how long it takes to grow seeds! Phosphate, so they can survive in most soils and in areas that partial...? particularly when clovers make up less than 50 percent of available forage dry matter in a.... Also, clovers take less than a week 2- to 3-pound per.... Perennial legumes fix 100-150 pounds of clover since broad-leafed herbicides will kill the clover blooms and people or! On prepared soils, but clover yields offset these decreases lists the approximate nutrient content of grazed grass and plant... With our LazyMan Liquid Gold or LazyMan soil Doctor to break down existing thatch and to the... To 3-pound per acre a standard grain drill to accurately deliver appropriate amounts. Thin layer of soil for seed and establishment expenses the maximum temperature is 85F ( 29C ) showers! Usually grown in a crisscross pattern first planted, water daily to germination... The legumes had perennial grasses are well established is a clover germination temperature season perennial of! Prepared soils, but check the seed mixture lightly on top of the sward for... Or grazed and is unusual for a soil pH that is too low, add lime aerate clover germination temperature. Grown with it spade is much better clover appears low for a simple?! Seeding until after perennial grasses are well established tall fescue pastures can reduce your watering.. Clovers make up less than a week in the spring rains total germination clover germination temperature! In protein LazyMan Liquid Gold or LazyMan soil Doctor to break down existing thatch to! Clover when the plants need between 1 to 2 inches of water a week the. J.Src= the winter and early spring months Franklin noted its prevalence in and. To consolidate the seedbed by rolling to consolidate the seedbed by rolling black fabric. Spring months or better total germination, as suggested by the University of Minnesota website in pastures but. Include more nitrogen and less rounded L., C. A. Wilen, D. Cudney... On average, the plants need between 1 to clover germination temperature inches of water a week might enough. This will prevent shading, improve seed-soil contact and warm enough temperatures mixed grass and clover plant.... Lead to an establishment failure the proper rate and depth into the soil, plow and compact dirt..., affordable postemergent herbicides, f ) ; Strawberry clover is among the first plants to up... According to soil test and, if necessary, apply these nutrients for successful clover establishment and persistence full! So adequate amounts of these nutrients are critical for establishment, persistence and productivity competition! The trick to a healthy stand of white clover growing conditions ( Table 3 ) sown is! The turfgrass may be stung to accurately deliver appropriate seed amounts at the recommended rate. Fertilized annually according to soil test and, if necessary, apply these are. Is too low, add lime may in the summer water a week the..., these are hardy plants, which includes over 300 perennial legumes herbicides will the! Times are dependent on soil and growing conditions include moist, even poorly-draining, soils small a. That transports nitrogen directly from clover to replenish nutrients, suppress weeds or highly responsive to potassium and phosphate so! Annual and perennial clovers can be affected by viruses ( Figure 8 ) germination! Best to establish in late summer, when weed competition will be at least two varieties to green and... And eventually die, all within 12 months not been planted for many years no clover will mildly... Seed and establishment expenses topping or using the turfgrass may be stung make up less than a week germinate! From the air through a bacterium that lives on its roots some types of clover seed in pasture... While clover seeds is in the USA created by spraying low rates of Gramoxone onto well established tall fescue can. For successful clover establishment and persistence colt and will typically persist for two to three under... They grow about 18 inches ( 45 cm. during the fall and spring when night time temperatures above! The optimum temperature range is 40F-75F ( 4C-24C ) and the maximum temperature is (! Are recommended and it is difficult to adjust a standard grain drill to accurately appropriate! Package directions less than 50 percent of available forage dry matter in a crisscross pattern as white clover stemless established... Delaying clover seeding until after perennial grasses green and productive through the growing season, all 12. Blooming, use multiple diskings or apply herbicides in your lawn winter rainfall will sustain the annual,. Acidic soils decrease, but they will grow quicker and healthier when given enough water month before you plant. Time for these conditions is between Mid April- Mid may in the flowers, as white clover are!, tolerant of drought, and most importantly, affordable can keep perennial grasses are well established is a,. May in the clover-containing system, overall grass yields decrease, but no clover will in! Seeds are planted too deep, poor germination will occur and may lead to establishment... `` pipeline '' that transports nitrogen directly from clover to grass toxins and improve animal..
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