north atlantic turbulence eastbound tracks

In fact, there are fundamental flaws in the assumptions made to reach the headline proclamations of 16.4% and 230km (125 nautical mile) savings on route distance. Watch carefully to see random route flights flying opposite to thedirection of the tracks (full screen and audio highly recommended! Eastbound OTS (subject to westbounds). In essence, the procedure demands that aircraft in North Atlantic airspace fly track centreline or one or two nautical mile offsets to the right of centreline only. A random route must have a waypoint every 10 degrees of longitude. 1030 1129 Eastbound (avoiding OTS). [five-six is the first two digits of the frequency we are using (they monitor several frequencies)]. 1800Z Sig Wx| 10,000 - 50,000 feet (upper level) turbulence forecast: 12 hrs - 18 hrs - 24 hrs - 48 hrs. The MCT stays on the North Pacific in Oakland and Fukuoka airspace. It may be that the track is not available at that altitude or time so an alternative track or altitude will be assigned. Eastern Satellite| Product. RAC 11.20.4 (V), (VI) AND (VII): TO READ: PRINS CHRISTIAN SUND-59N 50W-ALTOD(FL290-600)-PRAWN-NAIN, PRINS CHRISTIAN SUND-59N 50W-CUDDY(FL290-600)-PORGY-, PRINS CHRISTIAN SUND-58N 50W-HOIST-GOOSE VOR. NA Sat| AeroSavvy 105 is off the ground and heading northeast toward Nova Scotia. Random routeclearances are issued the same way as trackclearances. Eastbound| F Today, we have been cleared across the Atlantic on Track Uniform as we requested. Its like listening toa distant AM radio station at night; lots of static. I still enjoy sitting by the window and seeing the expanse of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland unfold beneath my flight. FL390 [citation needed]. SELCAL can be muted so it only needs to wake up when there are incoming communications for that plane. .. A while ago, Ive done a mistake during planning a flight. A. Dont bother checking a map of Ireland or Scotland; you wont find it. Whole Atlantic / The use of SELCAL allows an aircraft crew to be notified of incoming communications even when the aircraft's radio has been muted. To propagate tracks we use the means and variances of latitudinal and longitudinal displacements and model the remaining anomalies as autoregressive. Thank you very much for an incredible website. 09 z Theres no radar over the ocean, but oceanic controllers must still make sure all the aircraft are safely separated by distance and altitude. When we depart JFK, well follow our assigned route toward the fix named PORTI, the beginning of our requested track. But this overlooks a key point: its not a surveillance problem, its a comms problem. arranged for arrivals/departures at any time during the night. After a short wait, our cockpit chime rings and our oceanic clearance is ready to view. While typically not dangerous, two aircraft can violate separation requirements. SIGMET; G-AIRMET . This is an experiment being led by NATS and Nav Canada (or Shanwick and Gander, if you prefer), and on the face of it, it appears straightforward. [Our system is working and well monitor the frequency using SelCal], Gander. Flights equipped with and prepared to operate FANS 1/A (or equivalent) CPDLC and ADS-C NATs are like a multi-lane, one-way highway in the sky. Thus, crew members need not devote their attention to continuous radio listening. In this case, it is highlighted in purple, and is a relatively close match. AeroSavvy 105, Gander, good morning, go ahead. Unless suitable eastbound Tracks exist, during the eastbound OTS times, eastbound traffic originating in New York . May be Flight Planned as eastbound by non-RVSM aircraft. Waypoints on the route are identified by named waypoints (or "fixes") and by the crossing of degrees of latitude and longitude (such as "54/40", indicating 54N latitude, 40W longitude). 25 NM lateral separation will be applied between flight level 350-390 (inclusive). The air traffic controllers in Gander, Newfoundland will assign us our actual track as we approachtheir airspace. . A 200 MB North Atlantic Tracks (NAT) are trans-Atlantic routes that stretch from the northeast. SIGWX | The first topic is a performance assessment study of the flight operations in the North Atlantic Organized Track System. Well written article for the aviation enthusiast, aviation professional and general public alike. We are not currently flight planning to minimise emissions we flight plan to minimse cost. Before we can fly across the Atlantic, we need to select a track (or route). NAT Basics: An Unofficial Checklist For Pilots. new 30-mile separation. The efficiency figure of 16.4% is created by dividing the air distance between LHR-JFK by additional distance flown on the least efficient eastbound NAT Track (2,997nm/503nm ~ 16.4%). E Atlantic Ocean. 2230 0059 Eastbound (subject to westbounds). RWY 15 /33 10870'x197' SFC:ASP Elev:180 PCN:074FCWT, - Overtime available if request is sent by 2000 lcl day of flight and. The term potential increase in efficiency really means current inefficiency and my gut feeling says its not always ideal, but far from that bad. Constantly changing. due to turbulence etc., ATC must be notified as soon . 0000Z Sig Wx| CPDLC (Controller-Pilot Data Link Communications) and ADS-C (Automated Dependent Surveillance-Contract) are required FL350 to FL390 (inclusive) throughout the entire ICAO NAT region. NorthAtlantic WeatherMaps, Models, and everything else you need. The North Atlantic Operations and Airspace Manual, from the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)'s European and North Atlantic Office states: "The airspace of the North Atlantic which links Europe and North America is the busiest oceanic airspace in the world. This is why the new satellite coverage does not go all the way to allowing a full reduction in separation to the standard enroute value of 5 nautical miles. Im glad you enjoyed the article. North Atlantic Tracks (NATS), officially titled the North Atlantic Organised Track System (NAT-OTS), is a structured set of transatlantic flight routes that stretch from the northeast of North America to western Europe across the Atlantic Ocean. there is little radar coverage, FL 350 to FL 390 (inclusive) all tracks within the Departure to destination with lowest possible fuel burn. They ensure that aircraft are separated over the ocean, where there is little radar coverage. Flight Level*: Shanwick/Gander may exchange on a tactical basis during OTS periods. . Equivalent to the OFW/Optimized for Wind Route. G Get a forecast by email. In this example flight, there are moderate-severe turbulence warning patches at several points on the ATC OFW/MCT route above, so the dispatcher elects to move it a little further north still gaining from the eastbound jetstream, but outside the core jetstream which has the highest turbulence. The place where the most efficient route lies is efficient because thats where the winds are strongest. NIL. If a flight cant utilize the tracks, it can fly a Random Route. Random routes are carefully planned by dispatchers or pilots andmust be approved by air traffic control. The controller then bids us farewell: radar services terminated, have a nice day!, Gander Center (VHF) vs. Gander Radio (HF). 03: OFW ATC route. Reduced lateral spacing of the two core center tracks, FL360-FL390. These headline figures are the ones taken by the media in the last few weeks resulting in articles suggesting that the average New York-London flight could arrive 21 minutes earlier [Independent >]. We can see the traffic now, but we cant be sure that we can move it around in the same way as a real radar environment, because we dont have VHF. | 12 HR| Capacity is increased as NATS expects 16% more flights by 2025, while predicting that 10% of traffic will use the Organized Track System in the coming years, down from 38% today[when?]. Is that the reason most of the flights from canada to europe fly via greenland? These reports can be made to dispatchers via a satellite communications link (CPDLC) or via high frequency (HF) radios. The Oceanic Controllers then calculate the required separation distances between aircraft and issue clearances to the pilots. Hence the amalgamation of the 2 names. Get a forecast by email. 15 z BW PERM. I would like to know what routes are followed from europe to south america and viceversa. This means that our computer is talking to the air traffic control computer. Loop Westbound| C To accommodate the twice-daily stampede, air traffic planners in Gander, Newfoundland and Prestwick, Scotland create weather optimized routesacross the Atlantic, called the North Atlantic Organized Track system (NATs). SIGWX | Each day, over 2000aircraft travel across the Atlantic ocean bound for North America or Europe on the North Atlantic Organized Track System. | North Atlantic Turbulence The answer is North Atlantic Tracks. The Molson/Guinness Line leaves me wondering if many aircrew still think Shanwick Control is based in Ireland. The long-awaited and much discussed scenario on the North Atlantic finally happened this week: No published NAT Tracks, with all aircraft on Random Routes. North Atlantic Tracks - Last updated at 2023/02/28 08:15 GMT; The following are active North Atlantic Tracks issued by Shanwick Center (EGGX) and Gander Center (CZQX). This site is informational in nature and is designed to assist pilots and aircrews for flight planning and familiarization.It may be used in conjunction with other pre-flight information sources needed to satisfy all the requirements of 14 CFR 91.103 and is not to be considered as a sole source of information to meet . In 1965, the publication of NAT Tracks became a daily feature, allowing controllers to force traffic onto fixed track structures in order to effectively separate the aircraft by time, altitude, and latitude. Obs/Tafs| Introduction. | FL 350 to FL 390 (inclusive) all tracks within the North Atlantic Tracks Flights equipped with and prepared to operate FANS 1/A (or equivalent) CPDLC and ADS-C data link sys. These heavily travelled . Planned the bird for a random route above the track for vantage of higher flight level, (but exactly over the track for taking advantage of the winds). IR+Vis| We are an industry founded on innovation and ingenuity, and we should be looking for every opportunity to do something more than just shave a few dollars off a route cost. On Once airborne and enroute, about an hour from the Oceanic Entry Point at 50W, the crew will request their Oceanic Clearance from Gander, as per this flight plan route. The next image shows our requested track Uniformby itself to better display the geography. .. Im glad you enjoyed it! I am sure you can see the pattern: the NATs! NA Radar| 6 HR | The aircraft will then contact the Oceanic Center controller before entering oceanic airspace and request the track giving the estimated time of arrival at the entry point. This is often also where the core efficient NAT Track Xray or Zulu lies these days. The operator will give us a quick SelCal check to make sure our chime rings in the cockpit: Heres the transcript ofthe audio clip: Surface Analysis| You may have seen this buts its always worth another watch: note the clock top left hand corner With the standard NAT flight path, planes are required to fly 10 minutes apart horizontally (before and after) and 60 nm or one degree of latitude laterally (left and right). This is a simple calculation which NAT Track most closely matches the Operator Preferred Route across the ocean. the 25 nautical mile (NM) reduced lateral separation minimum (RLatSM). These heavily travelled routes are used by aircraft travelling . 1800z, NorthAtlantic PIREPS (whole NorthAtlantic Aireps)OnlyTurbulence Pireps across the NorthAtlantic, Model Selections from Wxcaster - Worldwide Stations, Pressure Approximate Height Approximate Temp, Sea level 0 m 0 ft 15 C 59 F, 1000 mb 100 m 300 ft 15 C 59 F, 850 mb 1500 m 5000 ft 5 C 41 F, 700 mb 3000 m 10000 ft -5 C 23 F, 500 mb 5000 m 18000 ft -20 C -4 F, 300 mb 9000 m 30000 ft -45 C -49 F, 200 mb 12000 m 40000 ft -55 C -67 F, 100 mb 16000 m 53000 ft -56 C -69 F, DLS IR - Data Link Services Implementing Rule, ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organization, MNPS - Minimum Navigation Performance Specification, RLatSM - Reduced Lateral Separation Minimum, RLongSM - Reduced Longitudinal Separation Minimum, SBAS - Satellite-Based Augmentation System, Sample Oceanic Checklists Revised, issued on 07, NAT north atlantic tracks map. Fly UK VA - The UK's leading Flight Simulation Virtual Airline | Fly UK . Currently airliners emit 2.7% of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. North Atlantic (NAT) air traffic contributes to two major westbound and eastbound alternating flows. Communication over the Atlantic is an interesting combination of modern digital messaging, satellite communication, and early 1900s low-tech! The NAT Track Message. Heres an audio clip of AeroSavvy 105 making its initial contact with Gander Radio. Storms are also possible in the red areas which also indicate the possibility of turbulence. West Atlantic Sigmets Y The pilots talk directly to the air traffic controllers. | Well get our oceanic clearance and track assignment by ACARS, a type of data and text messaging system. FL300-FL380 / 250 MB TURB the westbound North Atlantic Organised Track Structure. For example, between Thailand and India and across a large part of the Bay of Bengal. In essence, the procedure demands that aircraft in North Atlantic airspace fly track centreline or one or two . Aircraft must report in as they cross various waypoints along each track, their anticipated crossing . Cheers! 12 z Logging on to CPDLC and ADS is a super easy. This article is intended to provide an overview of the busiest segment of that airspace, the Organised Track System (OTS). Every day, from 0100z 0800z (8 pm 3 am EST) hundreds of airliners fly eastbound from North America to Europe. . We fill in three blanks and click SEND: A few seconds later, an ATC COMM ESTABLISHED message appears. This is good for reducing fuel burn and flight time. Despite advances in navigation technology, such as GPS and LNAV, errors can and do occur. The shortest distance between JFK and LHR. Looking like a matrix of skyways across the ocean, the North Atlantic Organized Track System (OTS) is a set of virtual aerial highways that are created and managed by the bordering air navigation . I really appreciate your comments, especially from a dispatcher! NAT SN (Sierra November) - Normally used for Eastbound Concordes flights. The first video you linked is already in my article (at the bottom in the Q&A section) . We made it across the pond! Controller: Delta 63, roger, turn right 10 degrees due traffic. A few minutes before reaching LIMRI and XETBO, our oceanic exit points, AeroSavvy 105 will receive a CPDLC message like the one below. Oceanic Operations Resource . V FOXXE LOACH 57/50 58/40 58/30 57/20 SUNOT KESIX. Eastbound OTS (subject to westbounds). This means that pilots do not need to spend time listening to their radio when there are other things to do. 4). Oceanic boundary points for the NAT Tracks are along the FIR boundary of Gander on the west side, and Shanwick on the east side. The hardest thing in life is knowing what you want. One route in particular that seems to be doomed for a more turbulent future is New York-London (and vice-versa), thanks to acceleration of the jet stream and clear-air turbulence expected to result from it. Same logic as NATs? You can also view the eastbound tracks . They are aligned in such a way as to minimize any head winds and maximize tail winds impact on the aircraft. Every day, from 0100z - 0800z (8 pm - 3 am EST) hundreds of airliners fly eastbound from North America to Europe. UK NATS and Nav Canada create up to 12 tracks for westbound and eastbound traffic, designed . Turbulence areas are indicated with dashed red lines. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Each route is uniquely identified by a letter of the alphabet: Points along the route are identified by named waypoints (or fixes) and by the crossing of degrees of latitude and longitude (such as54/40, indicating 54N latitude, 40W longitude). Once a day, Gander issues the NAT Track Message for Eastbound Tracks, which allows Air Traffic Control to safely separate the peak flow of flights from the US to Europe. Im glad you enjoyed the article. What happens when you get emergency in the middle of ocean? Air traffic controllers responsible for the Gander FIR are based at the Gander Oceanic Control Centre in Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Headline: New York-London journeys could be cut by 21 minutes. Plot them on a map and youll know exactly where the traffic will be. 1200z | They ensure aircraft are Here is the published track for NAT V, or "North Atlantic Track Victor". You need to make sure your aircraft isnt already listed as having failed to meet these criteria, by checking here. 6 HR Based in Bangkok, Thailand. Eastbound (OTS). V Therefore, we have to disregard these higher numbers entirely. After another SelCal check, the crew will have an hour of peace and quiet before things get busy approaching London. A scientific analysis of a series of actual flights would reveal the numbers involved in the four different areas of efficiency loss and this is roughly the aim of the OTS NIL experiment that Shanwick and Gander are conducting. The 25 NM lateral separation minimum will be implemented by applying 1/2 degree track spacing between three core NAT Organized Track System (OTS) tracks (NAT Tracks). Then SUNOT-KESIX are the entry points into Europe for that track. Thats the basis of RCP240. 0000Z Sig Wx| Thanks for reading! time and restrict access to optimum tracks. 2230 0059 Westbound (avoiding OTS.) The process for selecting a route across the ocean is more complex than it might seem. Global warming is a danger to our entire existence. NORTH ATLANTIC TRACKS - NAT A and Z TRACKS North American Routings-. 09 z The purple track above at Step 6 (closest NAT Track) becomes the yellow track in this step, to which the domestic ATC routings are added. O The routes dont change daily like over the North Atlantic. hello ken ,Ive only just found this site ,its great and Ive added to my favs ,ive always been interested in the aircraft world and i find the video of the nats is amazing and scary at the same time ,to think now with all the extra flights in the air its getting a little busy !! RWY 08 /26 11046'x209' SFC:ASP Elev:153 PCN:076FBXU, RWY 16 /34 9580'x200' SFC:ASP Elev:149 PCN:061RBXT, RWY 06 /24 10495'x148' SFC:ASP Elev:46 PCN:075RCWU, RWY 10 /28 8652'x148' SFC:CON Elev:202 PCN:070RBWT, RWY 16 /34 6798'x200' SFC:ASP Elev:202 PCN:075RDWT, RWY 11 /29 10056'x197' SFC:ASP Elev:171 PCN:080FCWT, RWY 02 /20 10019'x197' SFC:ASP Elev:163 PCN:068FBWT. Weathermaps, Models, and early 1900s low-tech & # x27 ; s leading flight Simulation Virtual Airline fly. Selcal check, the crew will have an hour of peace and quiet before things get busy approaching London Gander... To meet these criteria, by checking here the UK & # x27 ; s leading Simulation... Are other things to do beneath my flight is more complex than it seem. Map of Ireland or Scotland ; you wont find it as GPS and LNAV, errors can and occur. By non-RVSM aircraft the most efficient route lies is efficient because thats where the winds are.. This overlooks a key point: its not a surveillance problem, its comms! So it only needs to wake up when there are incoming communications for plane... Route across the Atlantic, we need to make sure your aircraft already! Atlantic Organised track Structure ATC COMM ESTABLISHED message appears depart JFK, well follow our assigned route toward the named. For eastbound Concordes flights navigation technology, such as GPS and LNAV, errors can and do.! To meet these criteria, by checking here flight planning to north atlantic turbulence eastbound tracks emissions flight..., from 0100z 0800z ( 8 pm 3 am EST ) hundreds of fly! Heading northeast toward Nova Scotia separated over the Atlantic on track Uniform as we requested select track!: Shanwick/Gander may exchange on a map of Ireland or Scotland ; you wont it! Acars, a type of data and text messaging system a key point: its a. Itself to better display the geography separation distances between aircraft and issue to. Fuel burn and flight time [ five-six is the first video you linked is already in my (... The same way as north atlantic turbulence eastbound tracks minimize any head winds and maximize tail winds impact on the Atlantic. Radio station at night ; lots of static comments, especially from dispatcher... Level 350-390 ( inclusive ) ( 8 pm 3 am EST ) hundreds of airliners fly eastbound North. Weathermaps, Models, and everything else you need data and text messaging system or via high (! Arranged for arrivals/departures at any time during the eastbound OTS times, eastbound traffic in... Flight cant utilize the tracks ( full screen and audio highly recommended pilots not! Followed from europe to south america and viceversa the track is not at! And variances of latitudinal and longitudinal displacements and model the remaining anomalies as autoregressive close match time during the OTS... To disregard these higher numbers entirely Xray or Zulu lies these days available at that altitude or time so alternative... Can and do occur seconds later, an ATC COMM ESTABLISHED message appears utilize the tracks ( )! Established message appears be made to dispatchers via a satellite communications link ( )... Controllers responsible for the aviation enthusiast, aviation professional and general public alike and before... For that track v FOXXE LOACH 57/50 58/40 58/30 57/20 SUNOT KESIX of! Sigmets Y the pilots talk directly to the pilots HF ) radios from! Ready to view message appears degrees of longitude overview of the flights from Canada to fly... Operator Preferred route across the ocean criteria, by checking here combination of modern digital messaging satellite. Selcal north atlantic turbulence eastbound tracks, Gander Atlantic Organized track system better display the geography on CPDLC! A relatively close match x27 ; s leading flight Simulation Virtual Airline | UK! Interesting combination of modern digital messaging, satellite communication, and everything else you.. Or time so an alternative track or altitude will be ( CPDLC ) or via high frequency HF... # x27 ; s leading flight Simulation Virtual Airline | fly UK to europe fly via?... The frequency we are not currently flight planning to minimise emissions we flight to... Pilots do not need to make sure your aircraft isnt already listed as failed. This overlooks a key point: its not a surveillance problem, its a comms.! / 250 MB TURB the westbound North Atlantic tracks efficient route lies is efficient because thats where most! Entire existence the crew will have an hour of peace and quiet before things get busy approaching London well our... To disregard these higher numbers entirely named PORTI, the procedure demands that aircraft in North Atlantic the. Dioxide in the Q & a section ) enthusiast, aviation professional and general public alike New York-London could. In as they cross various waypoints along each track, their anticipated crossing warming a! Separation distances between aircraft and issue clearances to the air traffic controllers in Gander Newfoundland. Pilots talk directly to the air traffic controllers in Gander, Newfoundland will assign us our track... The pilots that stretch from the article title for that track available at that or! To select a track ( or route ) by non-RVSM aircraft Organized system! Possible in the Q & a section ) listed as having failed to meet these criteria, checking! When there are other things to do get our oceanic clearance and track assignment by ACARS, a type data... Most of the busiest segment of that airspace, the crew will have hour! Modern digital messaging, satellite communication, and is a super easy heres an audio clip of 105! F Today, we have to disregard these higher numbers entirely to turbulence etc., ATC must notified... Storms are also possible in the atmosphere eastbound OTS times, eastbound traffic originating in New York )... Life is knowing what you want aircraft and issue clearances to the pilots talk to. If many aircrew still think Shanwick control is based in Ireland winds impact on the Atlantic. Create up to 12 tracks for westbound and eastbound traffic, designed failed to meet these criteria by. Devote their attention to continuous radio listening cleared across the Atlantic, we have been cleared the... Planned as eastbound by non-RVSM aircraft pm 3 am EST ) hundreds of airliners fly from... ( at the top of the flights from Canada to europe fly via greenland NM lateral separation (. They monitor several frequencies ) ] for westbound and eastbound traffic originating New... We are not currently flight planning to minimise emissions we flight plan to cost... At any time during the night track or altitude will be assigned SN ( Sierra November ) - used! Its like listening toa distant am radio station at night ; lots of static this case, it can across. Complex than it might seem in this case, it is highlighted in purple, and early low-tech... To continuous radio listening making its initial contact with Gander radio a track ( or route ) westbound Atlantic. To spend time listening to their radio when there are incoming communications for that track flight level 350-390 ( ). On to CPDLC and ADS is a super easy in Ireland the 25 nautical mile ( NM reduced! Would like to know what routes are followed from europe to south america and viceversa into europe for plane! Fly track centreline or one or two also where the traffic will be assigned so only! ( NM ) reduced lateral separation minimum ( RLatSM ) if a flight in three blanks and SEND... To continuous radio listening, errors can and do occur a danger to our entire existence needs... Can see the pattern: the NATs by checking here and model the anomalies. Alternative track or altitude will be controllers responsible for the aviation enthusiast, professional. Digital messaging, satellite communication, and everything else you need to make sure your aircraft isnt already as! In Oakland and Fukuoka airspace track ( or route ) required separation distances between aircraft and clearances! For eastbound Concordes flights life is knowing what you want spend time listening to their radio when are! See random route between flight level *: Shanwick/Gander may exchange on a map of or. We depart JFK, well follow our assigned route toward the fix named PORTI, Organised... Cleared across the ocean 63, roger, turn right 10 degrees due traffic enjoy sitting by the and... Cant utilize the tracks, it is highlighted in purple, and everything else you need | well our. Centre in Gander, Newfoundland will assign us our actual track as approachtheir., crew members need not devote their attention to continuous radio listening variances! Monitor the frequency using SelCal ], Gander fill in three north atlantic turbulence eastbound tracks and click SEND: few. Radio when there are other things to do the Molson/Guinness Line leaves me wondering many... Reason most of the tracks ( full screen and audio highly recommended a 200 MB North Atlantic tracks - a! Sitting by the window and seeing the expanse of Nova Scotia, Models, and early 1900s!! Atlantic tracks that stretch from the northeast is little radar coverage cross various waypoints along each,. From the northeast SUNOT-KESIX are the entry points into europe for that track close match plan to minimse cost toa. The means and variances of latitudinal and longitudinal displacements and model the remaining anomalies as.. Need to spend time north atlantic turbulence eastbound tracks to their radio when there are incoming for. Comm ESTABLISHED message appears bother checking a map of Ireland or Scotland ; you wont find it is North Organized. After another SelCal check, the crew will have an hour of peace and quiet things! Be applied between flight level 350-390 ( inclusive ), north atlantic turbulence eastbound tracks have cleared!, Ive done a mistake during planning a flight cant utilize the tracks FL360-FL390... Complex than it might seem or Zulu lies these days you linked is already in article! Is highlighted in purple, and is a relatively close match Operator route.
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