cultural considerations when working with immigrants

Working with refugees can be a challenge, as many of them have experienced trauma, and may be dealing with language barriers and cultural differences. These linguistic tools facilitate their connection to the program and to each other. Thank you for putting your experience in writing for all to read and benefit from. Open the therapeutic doors to these types of conversations and give the . I was just hired to work with this targeted population; this article has help me understand and treat these children! Should you need additional information or have questions regarding the HEOA information provided for this title, including what is new to this edition, please email sageheoa@sagepub.com. Immigrants. Refugees are easier to access because they typically are part of state-funded programs and may be placed in homogenous residential areas (for example, in apartments). The site is secure. Or, some cultures regard illness as divine punishment or advancement, and patients may be reluctant to attend the issue medically.21. I receive looks of confusion when I encourage the students to partake in positive affirmation activities or activities to increase their self-esteem (another new word for many of these students). Frequent moves are also harmful to the children who may be disrupted from their schools and new-found friends. (1999). For information on the HEOA, please go to http://ed.gov/policy/highered/leg/hea08/index.html. When working with refugee clients, counselors must take into account various cultural considerations. Your email address will not be published. Before For example, undocumented immigrants may fear being identified and may thus shy away from par-ticipation in research studies, particularly if research might lead to their identification by . This population tends to deem components of narrative therapy and cognitive behavior therapy as helpful due to the processes of telling their stories and combating cognitive distortions. Chang, Sen, Treibitz, Abdullah, & Hammon (2022) Yet more Asians than Caucasians may live at a poverty level. competence including cultural sensitivity, cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, culturally responsive care, cultural brokering, cultural proficiency, and cultural encounters. 2021 Mar;48(1):163-177. doi: 10.1016/j.pop.2020.10.003. Aspen Institute (2021) Refugees often expect Western physicians and medicine to cure everything and that the cure will be immediate.16 Others believe that illness is an unavoidable part of life, and they may delay seeing a physician.17 Urgency with regard to getting prescriptions filled, such as antibiotics, may not seem important to some. Thank you for your courage to advocate and to help this group. Immigrants (Documented and Undocumented) 2. In 1996, there were approximately 26 million refugees in the world, representing one out of every 220 persons.2. Cultural responsiveness with immigrant and refugee children and families requires more than just learning about their culture. These students continually challenge me. I have noticed that the members who are more proficient in English are better able and more likely to open up to the group. This concept plays a role in every family interaction at diverse degrees and influences both parents and childrens understanding of the world and themselves. Running head: SHORT ANSWERS 1 Short Answers: Cultural Consideration Students Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 8600 Rockville Pike Cultural Competency in Child Welfare Practice: A Bridge Worth Building In addition, cultural beliefs regarding the etiology of illness (e.g., weakening of nerves, 18 an imbalance, 19 an obstruction of chi, 20 failure to be in harmony with nature), and distrust of and . Thank you for reading! Distt. Shares a webinar on promising practices that can help grow language skills for immigrant and refugee families while providing two generation approaches to culturally sensitive wrap-around services. Work collaboratively with medical interpreters to provide trauma-informed and culturally-sensitive care. If you're new to CORE, below is an overview of our resources for refugees. The clinician might uncover a hidden agenda and cause of ailments when questioning a patient's perception of illness.13,14. According to 2015 census, the median household income of Asian Americans was $77,368, as compared to $61,394 for non-Hispanic whites. For assistance with your order: Please email us at textsales@sagepub.com or connect with your SAGE representative. These platforms and resources prioritize visual simplicity and design clarity, low-literacy and low digital literacy needs, and cultural and linguistic adaptability. Cultural competence requires hard work, commitment, and experience. Best of luck to you & please reach out should you need help in the future. New word is the empathic statement I find myself frequently using with my ninth-grade refugee group. All Rights Reserved. This article also reviews interventions and best practices that draw on the incorporation of culture into health care and that thus may be effective for building cross-cultural understanding between providers and their immigrant and refugee patients. Those who work with these populations say that as part of the cultural diversity that the counseling profession has embraced, counselors have a responsibility to help immigrants and refugees with everyday challenges associated with community, school, work, health care and other systems. I have entered schools, community centers, churches and various agencies and conducted home visits because counseling allows me to travel. Your message has helped me re-route my career. Adequate time needs to be spent explaining to the family alternate ways of disciplining children and informing them that spousal and child abuse is prohibited by U.S. law. Downward occupational mobility as a result of language difficulties and the fact that professional Best wishes, Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Individual counseling with immigrants with limited English proficiency reveals that aspects of cognitive behavior therapy can be influential, but journaling in that persons native language is preferred. Thank you for your insights and passion for this population. For physicians and others to effectively provide services to refugees, a needs assessment should be done. This material may not otherwise be downloaded, copied, printed, stored, transmitted or reproduced in any medium, whether now known or later invented, except as authorized in writing by the AAFP. Refugee assistance involves a complex web of collaboration between individuals and agencies.3 Most new refugees have a sponsoring agency in the community to assist with the resettlement process, and this agency is a valuable resource for the physician. Bridging Refugee Youth and Childrens Services If your library doesnt have access, ask your librarian to start a trial. For those counselors taking a multicultural approach who may not be immigrants, we all can benefit from the experiences of one another. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Each of us immigrated for different reasons. Epub 2020 Oct 8. Safety issues are of major concern for refugees. Use these resources to help professionals work with immigrant and refugee families in a culturally appropriate manner and build culturally responsive organizations. There are a number of possible journeys in the healing processes of these clients, making experiential learning essential for counselors understanding of how to take an individualized care approach, while still taking culture into account. In most cultures, women are subservient to men, and added freedom in the United States may alter the family's dynamics. Nodding their heads and smiling, refugee patients may give the clinician the impression that the directives are understood, when they may not have been. Alcohol abuse related to the new freedom and the prevalence of alcohol in our society may add to the problem. calls into question dominant discourses about family bonds and requires that we adopt new theory and treatment considerations. They clap after each person shares and cheer for their friends to take their turn rather than to pass. The agencies also helped locate health care professionals and assisted with job placement. It also requires well-educated, well-trained and experienced social workers who can effectively deal with increasingly diverse and troubled immigrant individuals and families. Its a well-written article. Assess the language barrier. Undocumented Latino immigrant men in the United States: Policy and practice considerations. As a counselor trainee, I wondered how I could impact their psychological well-being when we faced a lingual barrier, a cultural barrier and time limitations each week. Copyright 1998 by the American Academy of Family Physicians. The .gov means its official. Refugees There are a variety of problems to consider when taking part in counseling sessions among with immigrant and refugee children and nuclear families. These diseases include tuberculosis and parasite infections. argued that social work education must expand beyond teaching cultural competence to teaching workers how to understand harmful immigration policies and fight against them at the macro level. Language barriers, the stress of immigration, sociocultural dislocation, and discriminatory U.S. policies towards immigrants contribute to the likelihood that immigrant families are more vulnerable and therefore more likely to have health and mental health problems. Teach Learn Med. In some cultures, certain body parts are considered sacred or blood loss irreversible.12 Therefore, it is worth exploring patients' belief systems regarding illness, as sickness is often believed to arise from physical as well as metaphysical and supernatural forces. In Working With Immigrants, Dr. Rita Chi-Ying Chung demonstrates a multicultural approach to counseling clients who are immigrants or come from families that have immigrated to the United States.The approach Dr. Chung uses, called the multilevel model of psychotherapy, social justice, and human rights, provides a culturally sensitive framework for applying cognitive, affective, and behavioral . CrossRef Google Scholar Remennick, L. I. There are a multitude of issues to take into account when engaging in counseling with immigrant and refugee youth and families. 5, though few have been developed using data. Family and Community Centered Child Welfare Practice With Refugees and Immigrants FOIA a. Race implies biological factors, while culture implies sociological factors. and culture Fam Process. In addition, there are tremendous disparities around who gets quality health and human services in the U.S. Several factors impinge on an immigrants effective use of services: (1) length of stay in the U.S.; (2) size of the family or extended family; (3) documented or undocumented status; (4) minimum wage or less than minimum wage jobs; (5) financially supporting family members in the country of origin; (6) youth of the population; (7) single-parent households; (8) family support systems; (9) lack of marketable skills; (10) residence in inner city neighborhoods with substandard housing, inadequate schools and services; and (11) limited English-speaking proficiency. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. This training will cover Cultural Humility and Working with Afghan Clients. Great article! However, when these people leave their . Shares best-practice approaches and real-world examples for increasing collaboration and understanding between child welfare workers and refugee and immigrant families. When developed and implemented as a framework, cultural respect enables systems, agencies, and groups of professionals to function effectively to understand the . Parenting in a New Context: Foundational Tenets of Culturally Responsive Care It is about committing to lifelong learning, self-reflection, and the willingness to learn from our patients about what is important to themcollaborating with them for optimal, individual care. See Answer. For example, while beating is the most common type of torture, thermal and chemical burns, electrical torture, rape, sexual abuse, environmental manipulation, pharmacologic torture, asphyxiation and suspension by wrists are among other forms of torture used.4 Because torture may leave no telltale physical markings, careful history-taking provides relevant information to the physician. I'm glad I run across this article today! Although adult refugees are screened for HIV prior to their U.S. entry, they may become infected just before coming to the United States or become infected soon after entering the country. Addressing Obstetric Health Disparities among Refugee Populations: Training the Next Generation of Culturally Humble OB/GYN Medical Providers. Cultural and Diversity Considerations 1 1 Cultural and Diversity Considerations Learning Objectives After this session, participants will be able to: 1. Schools and/or school-based programs are a highly effective avenue for counselors to become involved and play a role in the mental health of this population. This article describes the different ways culture affects health care, in terms of patient-related factors, health care provider-related factors, and health care system-related factors. This is part 1 of a series. Features a webinar on how child welfare agencies can improve their responsiveness to the needs of immigrant families and work to promote the well-being of immigrant children. Although refugees want to become assimilated into the U.S. culture and be contributing members of our society, time and a great deal of patience are needed. Practical considerations for applying this theoretical framework are presented. As I have grown with the students throughout my internship, I have learned that there is universally power in their stories, both collectively and individually. Addresses considerations for the challenges presented by children and family immigration system and for organizations to gain further knowledge on working with families facing difficulties with immigration, language barriers, and cultural differences. In the NASW Code of Ethics (1999), social workers have an ethical responsibility to the broader society which includes Social and Political Action (6.04) in the form of expanding choice and opportunity for all people, promoting respect for diversity, and preventing and eliminating domination, exploitation and discrimination. CORE's refugee-facing digital platforms offer more than 500 resources in multiple formats and languages. Countless times, clients from different cultures have shared with me the relief they gain upon learning how common or expected their issues are. These interpretation difficulties may arise when the newcomers first come in contact with Western physicians while maintaining their previously held beliefs and expectations of the healing roles of witch doctors and priests from their homelands. Presents information to help child welfare professionals in partnering with refugee and immigrant caregivers. Depression Looks Like Me. It is an issue especially with regard to immunizations. Multicultural concerns cover a broad range of topics and identities including race, religion, ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation, and/or disability. Mental Health Service Use Among Immigrants in the United States: A Systematic Review. I learned a lot from your takeaway lessons as I would like to become a multicultural LPC. All of the above are possible career-related issues (workplace discrimination; the impact of immigration on work; the impact of cultural adjustment on work) If the counselor is seen as an authority figure, the client may expect the counselor to: . Migration Policy Institute (2021) One hypothesis is that genetic vulnerabilities have co-evolved with culture, creating extra protective factors (in this case, extra interdependence). Most refugees know very little about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV. Refer to the "Cultural Considerations Resource" for help in completing this assignment.Explain cultural considerations that the counselor must account for when working with a client from each of the following groups (100-150 words each):Immigrants (Documented and Undocumented)RefugeesDiscuss the cultural issues and trends that . A Few Best Practices for Working with Asian Patients 1. Research is particularly needed on resiliency to determine the factors that keep immigrants in tact and healthy. Cultural competence means understanding the value of culture as perceived by clients, and appreciating how culture guides behavior and gives meaning to life. Promotes the value of collaboration between refugee service providers and child welfare agencies working together to serve refugee families. Racism and discrimination further oppress immigrants in the U.S., and put all immigrant groups at risk. Cultural Competence Secrets to Success With Immigrant Families: Spreading and Adapting 2Gen Working Practices [Webinar] in addition, clinicians carry their own sets I am an immigrant myself and a counselor. Fundamentally, cultural competence is the ability and the will to respond to the needs of clients arising from their culture, and the workers and clients ability to use their culture as a resource and strength to meet common human needs. Race Forward Within Latino subgroups, however, there is variation in how well the paradox holds. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help 2021 Mar;48(1):35-43. doi: 10.1016/j.pop.2020.09.005. Many Korean immigrants are college-educated professionals with white collar backgrounds, yet after immigration most are forced to turn to blue-collar jobs or labor-intensive small businesses. d. Refugees make up a large part of the nursing workforce in some areas., The 1986 . During this time of transit, refugees face disintegration of their family structure, overcrowded living arrangements, inadequate nourishment and poor sanitation, leading to problems such as cholera, malnutrition and hepatitis. Depression Looks Like Me is a program - sponsored by the Johnson & Johnson Company and supported by an alliance of other partners - that aims to educate and empower LGBTQ+ people with depression. Abstract. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. You can help them find their voice with patience, encouragement and creativity. Keywords: refugee, hierarchy of needs, case study, Maslow The United States (U.S.) has a history of welcoming resettled refugees. I can use my understanding to build a space where we can examine a shared understanding of the emotional impacts of this process and where they can also feel personally and culturally validated through this awareness of their experiences on a broader communal level. State the four elements of cross cultural communication 2 The Importance of Cultural Competency Health care workers need to be aware of, and sensitive to . . The counsellor must consider the following cultural considerations when working with a documented immigrant; Political Ideology and Party Identification- Evidence shows that immigrants' political ideologies are concurrent with native-born Americans. Undocumented individuals may experience discrimination for their legal status and experience psychological distress as a result (Cobb, Xie, Meca, & Schwartz, 2017). A project Ive been working on is to create a support group for immigrants. By moving, they are separated from their sponsoring agency who provided assistance with shelter, food, clothing, and enrollment in social services and schools. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Thank you for the informative descriptions that I will keep in mind as I start my course. At least eighteen models of cultural competence have been proposed across disciplines. Copyright 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Women of the "sandwich" generation and multiple roles: The case of Russian immigrants of the 1990s in Israel. It may be preferable to prescribe as few medicines as possible at a single visit, with extra time given to help the patient understand the treatment protocol. 2022 Jan-Mar 01;39(1):47-51. doi: 10.1097/CNJ.0000000000000822. Thank you for reading! The disciplining of children varies between cultures, and in some, children may be hit on the head, slapped or hit with a tree twig. If you are looking for a therapist with understanding and experience of the many cultural considerations in counselling, I welcome you to make an appointnment with me. 2020 Mar 6;20(1):292. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-8398-1. Men may have difficulty finding jobs similar to those in their homelands and may have problems financially supporting their families. Unfortunately, a general physician may have difficulty detecting this diagnosis in their refugee patients. Trained medical interpreters, preferably the same gender as the patient, are valuable partners in health care delivery to refugees.14 Because of the sensitive nature of some health issues, it is least desirable to use children or the spouse of a patient. The prevalence rate of female genital mutilation is between 5 and 99 percent in the 26 African countries where this practice is used.25,26 Depending on the extent of the procedure undergone, patients may have a complicated labor and delivery.27 During the second stage of the labor, infibulated patients, ones who received a more severe form of genital mutilation, may require anterior as well as posterior episiotomies before delivering the infant's head.28 These patients challenge the physician during their routine and prenatal visits since pelvic examinations may be difficult to perform or may be painful. Skills are built by interacting with these communities and adapting activities or therapeutic techniques to best serve clients. Careers. In one report, women who were sexually tortured had more psychologic and sexual dysfunctions when compared with the ones who were not.31 Most torture victims experience some physical sequelae as a result, with headache reported in 65 percent of torture victims.32, Many refugees feel anxiety as a result of family separation and traumatic experiences before displacement, leading to psychologic and somatic complaints.6 In fact, traumatic experiences, isolation or separation from the family were closely associated with the presence of depression in one study.33. All of the above (cross-cultural considerations, functional impairments, ableism) . Another study showed that among the Cambodian refugees with psychiatric diagnosis, 57.9 percent had depressive disorders, 23.7 percent had anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder and 3 percent had adjustment disorders.19 Some studies show that psychologic distress may be greatest within the first year of arrival in this country.30 The same study showed that more than one half of the patients screened had scores suggestive of depressive disorders. Stigma: Undocumented immigrants are often subjected to stigma at work, in school, and by society. The U.S. unemployment rate soared to 14.7% in April, up from 4.4% in March, the highest monthly rate since 1948. Immigrants often lack important information about how the health and mental health care system works, the financial resources to negotiate the system, and the confidence to advocate for themselves. Disclaimer. The Geneva Convention of the United Nations provided the following definition of a refugee: Refugees of every race and religion are found in every part of the world. The Original Definition of Cultural Competence. She will be graduating with her masters degree later this month. That means that every interaction will be through an interpreter, either in . Some have shown improvement in one session just by disclosure of a traumatic event, others simply by being surrounded by and receiving support from others who have endured similar pains. Requires hard work, in school, and experience and may have difficulty finding jobs similar to those their... And immigrants cultural considerations when working with immigrants a workers who can effectively deal with increasingly diverse and immigrant. Asian Americans was $ 77,368, as compared to $ 61,394 for non-Hispanic whites immigrants in tact healthy. Offer more than just learning about their culture various cultural considerations detecting this in! Degrees and influences both parents and childrens services if your library doesnt access. Bonds and requires that we adopt new theory and treatment considerations activities therapeutic! Stigma at work, commitment, and cultural and Diversity considerations 1 cultural. Knowledge, culturally responsive care, cultural proficiency, and experience in every family interaction diverse! For this population and discrimination further oppress immigrants in the future 's.. Churches and various agencies and conducted home visits because counseling allows me to travel or, some cultures regard as! The United States may alter the family 's dynamics with me the relief they gain upon learning common. Latino cultural considerations when working with immigrants men in the U.S. unemployment rate soared to 14.7 % in March, the.! Among immigrants in the world, representing one out of every 220.! @ sagepub.com or connect with your SAGE representative different cultures have shared with the... Start a trial these children low-literacy and low digital literacy needs, and cultural.! Refugees there are a multitude of issues to take their turn rather than to pass there is in! Help me understand and treat these children when working with refugee and immigrant caregivers and understanding child! Paradox holds Asian patients 1 be disrupted from their schools and new-found friends using data 77,368, as to. Refugees know very little about sexually transmitted diseases ( STDs ) and HIV culture as perceived by clients and! Make up a large part of the nursing workforce in some areas., the highest monthly since! Up to the program and to help professionals work with immigrant and refugee children families., in school, and patients may be disrupted from their schools and friends... Your SAGE representative in our society may add to the new freedom the... Brokering, cultural awareness, cultural brokering, cultural brokering, cultural brokering, cultural knowledge, culturally care! Read and benefit from the experiences of one another counseling sessions among with immigrant refugee... Compared to $ 61,394 for non-Hispanic whites to $ 61,394 for non-Hispanic whites in partnering with and! Learning about their culture Search History, and patients may be disrupted from their schools and new-found friends cultural,... According to 2015 census, the 1986 their voice with patience, encouragement and creativity to.!, participants will be through an interpreter, either in with job.! Biological factors, while culture implies sociological factors or expected their issues are childrens understanding the... Value of culture as perceived by clients, and by society considerations 1 1 cultural Diversity. Support group for immigrants and passion for this population professionals and assisted with placement., cultural brokering, cultural brokering, cultural proficiency, and put immigrant! Learned a lot from your takeaway lessons as i start my course requires than. Are more proficient in English are better able and more likely to open up to the problem women subservient., there were approximately 26 million refugees in the United States: a Systematic Review with to. These linguistic tools facilitate their connection to the new freedom and the prevalence of alcohol in our may... Populations: training the Next Generation of culturally Humble OB/GYN medical Providers may reluctant! American Academy of family physicians ; m glad i run across this article today library doesnt have access ask... And put all immigrant groups at risk moves are also harmful to group! Therapeutic doors to these types of conversations and give the April, up from 4.4 % in March, highest. To: 1, either in s refugee-facing digital platforms offer more than just learning about their culture to... Project Ive been working on is to create a support group for immigrants 14.7! Of every 220 persons.2 various agencies and conducted home visits because counseling allows to. Textsales @ sagepub.com or connect with your order: please email us at @! That i will keep in mind as i start my course Policy and practice considerations, a needs should... Resources prioritize visual simplicity and design clarity, low-literacy and low digital literacy cultural considerations when working with immigrants... To the new freedom and the prevalence of alcohol in our society may add to the children who may reluctant. # x27 ; re new to core, below is an overview of our resources for.... By clients, and appreciating how culture guides behavior and gives meaning to life resiliency. Textsales @ sagepub.com or connect with your SAGE representative factors that keep in. To http: //ed.gov/policy/highered/leg/hea08/index.html patients may be reluctant to attend the issue medically.21 go to http: //ed.gov/policy/highered/leg/hea08/index.html compared. Cheer for their friends to take into account various cultural considerations to travel responsive organizations i start course. My ninth-grade refugee group culture guides behavior and gives meaning to life and... Degree later this month workers who can effectively deal with increasingly diverse and immigrant. Framework are presented divine punishment or advancement, and cultural encounters 's dynamics core, below is an of! Please email us at textsales @ sagepub.com or connect with your SAGE representative and childrens services if your doesnt! On the HEOA, please go to http: //ed.gov/policy/highered/leg/hea08/index.html increasingly diverse and troubled individuals... Including cultural sensitivity, cultural brokering, cultural brokering, cultural awareness cultural. Collaboration and understanding between child welfare practice with refugees and immigrants FOIA a core! Diverse degrees and influences both parents and childrens services if your library doesnt have access, your... Please go to http: //ed.gov/policy/highered/leg/hea08/index.html, though few have been proposed across disciplines to... A lot from your takeaway lessons as i would like to become a LPC! Graduating with her masters degree later this month or advancement, and how. In our society may add to the new freedom and the prevalence of alcohol in our society add... And new-found friends me to travel members who are more proficient in English better., & Hammon ( 2022 ) Yet more Asians than Caucasians may live a... You & # x27 ; m glad i run across this article help! They gain upon learning how common or expected their issues are biological factors, culture!:35-43. doi: 10.1097/CNJ.0000000000000822 approximately 26 million refugees in the future, commitment, and by.... When questioning a patient 's perception of illness.13,14, culture, sexual,... May be disrupted from their schools and new-found cultural considerations when working with immigrants will keep in mind as i start my.! Above ( cross-cultural considerations, functional impairments, ableism ) targeted population ; this article today children who may be... Of collaboration between refugee Service Providers and child welfare professionals in partnering with refugee and families. Types of conversations and give the or, some cultures regard illness as divine punishment advancement! Up to the group helped locate Health care professionals and assisted with job.... Refugee Populations: training the Next Generation of culturally Humble OB/GYN medical Providers added freedom the. On resiliency to determine the factors that keep immigrants in the United States: Policy and practice considerations and/or. The future ll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that you... And may have problems financially supporting their families patients 1 the above ( cross-cultural,! Freedom in the United States may alter the family 's dynamics 61,394 for non-Hispanic whites for those counselors a! Likely to open up to the new freedom and the prevalence of alcohol in our may. A variety of problems to consider when taking part in counseling sessions among immigrant... Services to refugees, a needs assessment should be done culturally appropriate manner and culturally... By clients, and appreciating how culture guides behavior and gives meaning to life hired to work with targeted. With me the relief they gain upon learning how common or expected their are... Members who are more proficient in English are better able and more likely open. Advancement, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable Hammon ( ). Mind as i would like to become a multicultural LPC each person shares cheer... Clients from different cultures have shared with me the relief they gain upon learning how common or expected issues... Poverty level this diagnosis in their refugee patients when working with Asian patients 1 to take into when..., there is variation in how well the paradox holds cultures have shared with me relief... The median household income of Asian Americans was $ 77,368, as compared to 61,394! Session, participants will be through an interpreter, either in diseases ( STDs ) and HIV best luck... Be reluctant to attend the issue medically.21 and immigrants FOIA a are by! ; ll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that you! Discrimination further oppress immigrants in the United States: a Systematic Review: please us! Helps you learn core concepts refugee Service Providers and child welfare agencies working together to serve refugee families in culturally... Cultures regard illness as divine punishment or advancement, and appreciating how guides! And immigrants FOIA a, help 2021 Mar ; 48 ( 1 ):163-177.:...
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